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The African ostrich is a member of the Ostrich family of the Ostrich order. The head is small and triangular, the mouth is short and flat, and the neck is slender and composed of several horny sheaths, the upper part is yellow, the lower part is pink; There are a pair of flightless short wings that have been reduced to no flight feathers, the tail feathers are fluffy and drooping, and each tail vertebra is separated; Legs long and stout, partly bare and featherless, pink; The feet are large, with horny pads under the toes, elastic and insulated
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The plumage of male and female birds is different, the male is mainly black, the female is mainly grayish brown
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The African ostrich is found in Africa and elsewhere. It is found in deserts, grasslands and shrubland
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Strong heat resistance, the most frequent activities in the morning and evening, love to live in groups, like drinking water and bathing. African ostrich feeds on the stems, leaves, and fruits of plants, especially flowering shrubs, parasitic creeping plants, ground creepers, and wild figs, as well as insects, mollusks, and birds
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A male with 3-5 females begins to lay eggs about a week after mating, usually laying one egg every 1 or 2 days, until incubation begins when there are 12-16 eggs in the nest, the female incubates eggs during the day, the male incubates eggs at night, and the incubation period is 40-42 days. Life span is about 60 years
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African ostrich meat delicious, high nutritional value, suitable for consumer taste; The whole body feathers are velvet feathers, which can be used for clothing and headwear, and can also be used to wipe precision instruments and computers; The egg shell is hard and can be used for carving and appreciation, and the egg is a high-level nutritional supplement after processing; The skin can be made into leather
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- Chinese name
- African ostrich
- Latin name
- Struthio camelus
- alias
- ostrich
- Foreign name
- Common Ostrich
- world
- animalia
- The door
- Chordate phylum
- The outline
- ornithae
- Orders,
- Ostrichiformes
- Families,
- Ostrichidae
- Belong to
- Ostrich
- Kind of
- African ostrich
- subphyla
- Vertebrate subphyla
- subclass
- Ornithae
- subspecies
- 4 Subspecies
- Namers and years
- Linnaeus, 1758
- Protection level
- No risk (LC) IUCN Standard [1]
The African ostrich is
Ostrichiformes
The only one of them, too
Cursorial bird
A representative in a class. The earliest ostrich appeared at least in the Eocene period in Europe, from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene widely developed in Eurasia, a wide variety of species, from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene has also been found in China
Ostrich andersoni
Bird,
Ostrich vickeri
and
Mongolian ostrich
It migrated to Africa around the time of the Pleistocene, but by the 19th century, only one species of African ostrich remained.
The ancestor of the ostrich was also a flying bird, and how it became what it is today has a very close relationship with its living environment. The ostrich is a kind of primitive remnant bird, which represents an evolutionary direction for animals to gradually develop into tall and athletic animals in open grassland and desert environment. At the same time, the ability to fly gradually diminished until it was lost. The African ostrich's ability to run is amazing. Its toes tend to decrease because they are suitable for running, and it is the only bird in the world with only two toes, and the outer toes are small, and the inner toes are particularly developed. It can jump 2.5 meters in the air and sprint at more than 70 kilometers per hour. At the same time, the sturdy legs are the main defense weapon of the African ostrich, and can even kill lions and leopards.
Ostriches are widely distributed in dry areas of low rainfall in Africa. in
Cenozoic
In the Tertiary period, ostrich was widely distributed in Europe and was famous in China
Peking man
Place of origin --
Zhoukoudian
Not only found
Fossil ostrich egg
Fossilized leg bones were also found. In recent times it has been found in Africa, Syria and
Arabian Peninsula
Today, the ostrich has disappeared from Syria and Arabia. Their distribution is
Sahara Desert
All the way south across Africa, and
Australia
It was introduced in 1862-1869 to form a new habitat in the southeast.
[2]
Live ostriches first entered China in the thirteenth year of Yongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 101), when King Benin sent an emissant to present a "big bird with a branch", which was called "Benin Bird" by Guo Yigong.
Hiroshi
"This has a detailed description, saying that it" goose body camel hooves, pale color, lifting the head seven or eight feet high, wings Zhang Yu, barley eating, its eggs such as a urn, its name ostrich." "Ostrich" is a translation of its Persian name ushtur murgh (camel bird). The Book of Wei, written by Wei Shu of the Northern Qi Dynasty, mentions that there were birds in Persia (modern Iran) that were "clumping in shape, unable to fly up high, eating herbivores and meat". He thought that ostriches could eat fire seed, perhaps because ostriches occasionally ate charcoal or stones in their stomach to help them digest their food, so he mistakenly thought that they could eat fire charcoal.
In the third year of Emperor Gaudu's Wude (620), a Western Turk envoy once contributed a "tiao giant bird" to Li Yuan. At this time, the Tang Dynasty was not long after its founding, and there were a lot of troubles. The court did not pay attention to exotic animals, but after the country was settled, the emperors preferred to treat these animals as important things. Thirty years later, in the first year of Yonghui (AD 650) of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Tohuruo, a Central Asian country (in present-day Afghanistan and its northern Bukhara region), presented an ostrich, "seven feet high, with dark color, feet like an ostrich, walking with wings, a day of 300 li, capable of 噉 iron", which caused a great sensation at that time. Emperor Gaozong of Tang attributed the good fortune of foreigners to his father, Emperor Taizong, so he sent someone to walk around Zhaoling and had an ostrich statue carved to stand in Zhaoling to accompany his father. Since then, the mausoleums of Tang emperors often place carved stone ostriches in the divine way, such as the Qianling mausoleum of Tang Emperor Gaozong, the Bridge mausoleum of Tang Ruizong and more than a dozen mausoleums have ostrich stone carvings, perhaps expecting this mysterious animal to guard their mausoleums.
In the Ming Dynasty, several ostriches once set foot on the land of China, after Zheng He's expedition to the Western seas in the seventh year of Zhu Di, the emperor of Iran between the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf sent people to Nanjing to contribute "camel chicken" to the emperor, the emperor took officials to watch together at Fengtian Gate, at this time the Ming Dynasty officials did not know its origin, thinking that "the world heard it, never seen in the Middle Ages". Ma Guan, who had served as a translator for Zheng He, mentioned in Yingya Shenglan that the Tian Fang country around Mecca, Saudi Arabia, also produced "cassows". In the five years of Xuande, Zheng He's eunuch sent a ship to the Tian Fang country to buy kylin, lion, camel and so on and bring them back to Beijing, which made the Emperor happy for a long time.
[8]
In the middle of the 20th century, the disappearance of the African ostrich from the Arabian Peninsula also meant the complete extinction of this animal in Asia, making it truly "African ostrich". In fact, due to the large number of human hunting, the number of populations living in Africa has been declining, especially in northern Africa, most areas have been endangered.
Because ostrich has many advantages such as rough feeding resistance and strong adaptability, it is in line with the national industrial policy of developing "grain saving" herbivores, and has been strongly supported by the state. Zhiyan Data Research Center shows that China has a large number of sand wasteland and non-arable land that is not suitable for cultivation, forage grass resources are very rich, and the development of ostrich farming prospects are broad, which will play an important role in adjusting the agricultural production structure and the food structure of the people, improving agricultural economic benefits, and thriving rural economy. The state attaches great importance to the breeding and development of ostrich, and has many policy supports such as exemption from income tax.
The ostrich breeding industry started late in China and has great potential for development. In fact, when it comes to wild ostriches,
Saudi Arabia
, Egypt,
Sudan
There are many more than South Africa, but when it comes to the history of breeding ostriches and the ability to make money from them, it is the South Africans. South African ostriches began in 1826, the initial number of ostriches was very small, and later due to the popularity of Western royals and nobles to wear clothing made of ostrich feathers, ostrich was worth a hundred times, an adult ostrich can only produce 1 kg of feathers a year, and a simple ostrich cape also needs at least 15 kg of feathers, South African farmers have raised ostrich. By 1913, the ostrich population had exceeded one million. But after World War I,
Royal houses of Europe
Gradually decline,
Ostrich feather
Demand has dropped so much that ostrich farmers have moved on, and some clever farmers have kept their best birds to wait for new ones
chance
The arrival of...
After World War II, the ostrich market began to recover. The South Africans learned their lesson and began to diversify into the ostrich business. They made ostriches
eggshell
Arts and crafts, but also opened the ostrich farm to attract tourists to visit. Many ostrich farmers have also banded together to form an agricultural consortium, which is responsible for the marketing of ostrich products. In what is known as the "ostrich Capital"
Oates
The city of Horn, visitors can not only taste
Ostrich meat
Ostrich eggs, can also have an addiction to riding ostrich, and even participate in the "riding ostrich competition."
The African ostrich is a member of the Ostrich family of the Ostrich order. Africa
ostrich
It is about 183-300 cm in length, 240-280 cm in height, and 130-150 kg in weight, with the female slightly smaller. Looks very strange, small triangular head, short and flat mouth, like a snake slender neck to support a small head, above a short and flat, by a few pieces of horn sheathing triangle mouth, yellow mouth, slightly pink mouth, there are two as frog eyes like brown eyes, bright. The body is short, the sternum is flat, there is no keel protrusion, there is a pair of short wings that appear to be very disproportionate to the body, it has been degraded, there is no flight feathers, and it is only in the breeding period that the male bird must show off the wings when courting the female bird, and in the incubation period and the brooding period, the adult bird must spread the wings to make eggs or eggs
nestling
Not to be exposed to the hot sun, but also to expand their bluff, frighten the enemy who dares to invade, in addition to the rapid running to spread the wings, to maintain the balance of the body, if the wind can also play the role of sail. The tail feathers are fluffy and droopy, and each of the tail vertebrae is separated. The legs were long and stout, partly bare and pink, and the feet were extremely strong, with horny pads of flesh under the toes, elastic and insulated for walking or running in the sand.
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The feathers of adult male birds are obviously black and white, and the wing and tail feathers are pure white, with blue-gray or peach skin exposed in the thin thin feathers on the neck. Most male birds also have a circle of white hair on the lower margin of the bare hair on the neck, and the scales on the upper beak shell, the leading edges of the legs and the back of the two toes will show peach. The male bird is larger than the female bird, and the adult female bird feathers are mostly gray brown, and the beak shell and legs are not peach. The female is slightly smaller. The juvenile feathers are spiny pale yellow with a black tip and black spots on the neck. After three months of age, the feathers need to be changed several times, and the male feather color does not begin to show until November. The juvenile feathers are spiny pale yellow with a black tip and black spots on the neck. After three months of age, the feathers need to be changed several times, and the male feather color does not begin to show until November.
[4]
There are only two digits, the third and fourth, which are the fewest among birds. The third digit is strong and clawed, while the fourth digit is small and unclawed. There are no hooks on the twigs, so the body feathers are soft and fluffy. The plumage of the male bird is different from that of the female bird. The plumage of the male bird is mainly black, with beautiful long white feathers on the tips of the wings and tail, and the neck is flesh-red or bright blue, covered with brown feathers.
Female bird
The body feathers are grayish brown.
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The feathers on the wings differ markedly from the rigid wings of other flying birds in that they are insulated. There are claws on it. The strong legs are featherless and stand on two toes, the big one being like a hoof. This is the ostrich's unique adaptation, to run fast in response to sudden danger. The ostrich's enormous eyeball, with its thick black eyelashes, is the largest of any land creature, surpassed only by that of the whale. Ostriches have good vision. An eyeball weighs 60 grams and can see things from 3 to 5 kilometers away
Nictitating membrane
(third eyelid) has the function of blocking sand and protecting eyes.
The sex organs of ostriches are small until they reach maturity; Ostrich gear
copulator
During the mating season, mature male birds
testicle
It's about the size of a human fist, but it shrinks during the non-breeding season and doesn't expand again until the next breeding season. The egg is large, the color is like a duck egg, the diameter of the ostrich egg is 15-20 cm long, weighing 1400 grams, is the largest of the bird eggs, the egg shell is very hard, can bear the weight of a person, the hatching of the young bird in size with the domestic chicken, and immediately can learn to walk, but in the growth process need adult ostrich protection. The female is grayish brown,
cock
The wings and tail have white feathers.
[3-4]
African ostrich (female and chick)
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African ostrich
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African ostrich (toe)
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African ostrich
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mass
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The body length is about 183-300 cm, the height is 240-280 cm, and the weight is 130-150 kg.
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He is 1.5 meters tall and weighs about 50 kilograms.
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trait
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The head is small and triangular, the mouth is short and flat, and the neck is slender and composed of several horny sheaths, the upper part is yellow, the lower part is pink; There is a pair of short wings that cannot fly and have been reduced to no flight feathers.
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Emu resembles the African ostrich and is smaller, with short head and neck feathers and developed secondary feathers on the main feathers. The feathers are loose and rough, and can not form pieces. The body feathers are gray and brown; Three-toed feet, defunct wings, unable to fly.
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picture
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African ostrich
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emu
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African ostriches live mainly in deserts, grasslands and shrubland, with the Somali subspecies sometimes entering dense brambles and, in southwest Africa, even on steep stony plateaus.
[4]
African ostrich has developed air sacs and a good circulatory system to regulate body temperature, so it can adapt to the dry climate, with abnormal heat resistance, even if the temperature is as high as 56 ° C, it can still find food in the hot summer sun, and can not drink water for several months. Activity is most frequent in the early morning and evening. The sound is loud and heavy, like the roar of a lion, and the temperament is alert and suspicious, and the hearing and vision are very sensitive. Like to flock, usually 10-15, such as chicks and young birds can reach 40-50, with the abundance of food to live a wandering life, but also like to eat with zebras, antelopes, giraffes, wildebeests and other herbivorous beasts mixed together for food, so that you can eat zebras and other large beasts startled insects, small rodents and reptiles.
[3-4]
African ostrich tall body, long neck, sharp eyes, and in the group foraging, each bird looks up the interval time is irregular, one after another, so there are always some individuals looking up, so that you can find the enemy in time, and inform other animals to quickly escape. They run very fast in the desert, the distance of each step can reach 3.5 meters, the speed of continuous running is 50 kilometers per hour, can run for more than 5 minutes, sprint speed of more than 70 kilometers per hour, and can cross more than 5 meters high obstacles. Likes drinking water and bathing.
The food is very miscellaneous, but mainly plant stems, leaves, fruits, etc., especially flowering shrubs, parasitic creeping plants, ground creepers and wild figs, etc., also eat insects, mollusks, small reptiles, birds and mammals, and eat some sand grains to help digestion. Interestingly, nails, coins, bottle caps, rope, and even diamonds can also be found in its stomach and intestines.
[3-4]
Found in Eurasia and northern Africa, These include Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Western Sahara Hala, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Regional extinctions: Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, occupied Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Yemen.
Introduced: Australia, Eswatini.
Mating is a polyfemale, usually one male with three to five females. About a week after ostriches mate, the female begins to lay eggs. An egg is usually laid every other day or two until there are 12 to 16 eggs in the nest, and a long period of incubation begins, which is carried out alternately by male and female ostriches. Female ostriches incubate their eggs during the day, while male ostriches incubate their eggs at night, where their bright colors are not easily seen. When ostriches hatch in their nests, they often stretch their necks along the ground, possibly as a form of camouflage to confuse other enemies.
Nesting on the ground, all females lay their eggs in the same nest. Each female lays 10-12 eggs, and the number of eggs per clutch can reach 25-30. The eggs are large, yellow-white, 152×203 mm in size, and weigh about 1300-2000 grams. The female hatches during the day and the male bears the burden at night. Incubation period is 40-42 days. Young birds are born early. Sexual maturity at age 3, life expectancy of 60 years.
Feeding ground
The breeding site of African ostrich should choose a sandy land belt with good drainage and a flat slope of 10-15 degrees on the fence. It's not on a major road, not near an airport or a railroad. Around the site, separated by barbed wire fences, flexible, the fence height of about 2 meters, can avoid African ostrich scared or rush to hit the fence injured.
The house of the African ostrich should sit north to south, and the playground should be in the south. The houses are divided into brood houses, medium aviaries and large aviaries. The premises should be insulated, rain, wind, animal and well ventilated. In front of the premises there is a required playground. The playground is rectangular; One-third of the land is concrete and the rest is sand or grass. Medium aviary and breeding aviary, can be made to shelter from wind and rain shade shed. The playground must be enough to ensure the movement and life of each bird. The playground and the aviary are connected in a rectangular shape; The breeding playground and rain shelter are at least 30 meters wide and 50-80 meters long, and the breeding area of each group of African ostriches (1 male and 3 females) is 1500 square meters. The sports ground is covered with sand or grass, and no puddles with standing water are allowed. There should also be plenty of green land and forage land outside the fence.
African ostriches are mainly raised on the ground, which requires the ground to be clean, sanitary, dry and warm. When the bedding material is used to raise chicks on the cement floor, the bedding material should be covered with sacks, breathable rubber sheets, or hard elastic fine-eye plastic nets, etc., to avoid the chicks eating the bedding material. The bird house and playground should be cleaned, and glass, plastic sheets, wire and other inedible foreign objects should be put away. When the chicks are raised in the house, a small amount of gravel should be added to the feed to help digestion. Add gravel once a week, the amount accounts for about 1% of the day's feed. The growth stage from the emergence of chicks to 12 weeks of age is the most important and critical stage in breeding because its physiological function is not yet perfect and it is extremely sensitive to changes in environmental conditions, which requires careful care and scientific management.
Feed selection
African ostriches are omnivores with special digestive functions and can get energy from crude fiber. Therefore, when supplying concentrate feed, it is necessary to pay attention to the amount of energy supply not too high. If the energy supply of concentrate feed is long, coupled with the energy in green feed, it often leads to excessive energy in the body and the deposit of adult body fat, thus affecting fertility.
African ostrich has a fast growth rate and strong metabolism, and the proportion of roughage in the diet should be gradually increased before 10 weeks of age in order to more effectively promote the establishment of microbial growth activity areas in the posterior digestive tract. With the increase of day age, the proportion of green feed in the diet is increased after 10 weeks of age, so that they can obtain nutrients from grass more effectively, thus reducing the feeding cost. Green feed commonly used mainly leek, leaf vegetables, elephant grass, alfalfa grass, yellow grass, ryegrass and so on.
Mating period
Female ostriches also show obvious estrus during the breeding season, showing gentle behavior, actively approaching the male ostrich, walking and lowering their heads until the head almost touches the ground, spreading their wings, and rapidly closing their beaks. After the male's courtship, both wings are raised at the same time and he approaches the female with a quick break. If the female ostrich accepts the courtship of the male ostrich, the female ostrich opens and closes the two beaks faster, and quickly crouches down, allowing the male to climb on the body
copulation
. The male ostrich climbs on the female ostrich, stands on the ground with his left leg, gently rests his right foot on the female ostrich's back, and inserts his penis into the vaginal opening from the female's lower left. At this time, the male ostrich moves his head from side to side, and his wings shake quickly when he ejaculates. The mating time is 30-60 seconds. A male bird usually copulates 4-6 times a year, and a few male birds can reach more than 6 times. Mating time is generally in the morning and morning, but there are also mating in the evening.
Female ostriches generally reach sexual maturity at 2.0-2.5 years. The female bird began to have nesting, nesting in the ground in the concave, laying 12-18 eggs per clutch, the longitudinal diameter of 16-17 cm, the transverse diameter of 13-14 cm, the weight of about 1500 grams, the egg shell accounted for about 19.5% of the egg weight, the eggs are smooth, milky white, with ivory like luster, the egg shell is thick and hard, 0.2-0.3 cm thick. If the eggs produced by the captive ostriches are taken away, the female bird can continuously lay eggs, generally producing 1 egg every 1 day, continuously producing 12-20 eggs, and some can continuously lay 48 eggs before resting, generally resting 6-15 days and then starting to lay eggs. The incubation period of eggs is 41-42 days.
When the female first lays, a significant number of eggs are unfertilized. Generally, 20-40 eggs can be laid in the first egg-laying period, and some high-producing female ostriches can lay 40-60 eggs in one egg-laying period after the age of 3, and the excellent ones can lay more than 80 eggs. The eggs develop in the ovaries, and the female ostrich has only one ovary, located slightly to the left of the midline of the abdomen. From the anatomy of an ostrich, the ovaries hang like a bunch of grapes in the body cavity near the left kidney, with many white and yellow follicles of different sizes and sizes. During the mating season, the mature egg bursts from the surface of the follicle and falls
oviduct
The mouth, entering the spiral fallopian tube. The follicle joins the sperm in the upper fallopian tube to form a fertilized egg. The yolk is bound by a thick yolk frenulum that keeps the yolk balanced. The yolk and egg white are the nutrients of the embryo. As the egg continues down the fallopian tube, it is covered with two layers of shell, which is formed by secretions from calcareous glands. Finally, an enamel layer forms on the surface of the egg, making it smooth. Soft eggs are caused by the inability of calcium glands to produce secretions outside the egg. After the egg is fertilized, the nucleus of the embryo begins to differentiate in a short time, and the conjugator becomes more complex, which has the characteristics of both parents. As soon as the egg is produced, the embryo ceases to differentiate.
For captive ostriches, it is very uneconomical for the ostriches to hatch on their own. Ostriches generally lay eggs at 3-7 PM, and birds with better egg-laying performance lay 1 egg every 1 day, rest for about 1 week when they produce 12-20 eggs, and then start the next egg-laying cycle. However, high-yielding ostriches can lay more than 40 eggs continuously before resting, which has a lot to do with good breeding and management. Low-yielding ostriches, or ostriches less than 4 years old, as well as older ostriches, lay eggs with little regularity. The fertilization rate of eggs is generally 60%-90%.
Disease prevention and treatment
Brooding period is the prone period of various diseases, which is the important period of feeding success or failure. The main diseases that kill chicks during this period are respiratory infections. Because the nestlings are more sensitive to adverse environmental factors, especially humidity and dust, respiratory infections are often induced by dirty air, wet ground bedding, and too high or too low room temperature, such as
aspergillosis
If a series of respiratory symptoms, such as sneezing and coughing, are detected in time and appropriate measures are taken to eliminate the inducement and antibiotics are used for treatment, the prognosis is generally good, otherwise it may lead to death. Therefore, there must be special management in the brooding period, 24 hours on duty, and pay attention to the mental state and feeding of the chicks at any time, and deal with the problems in time. The bedding material of the brood room must be soft in texture, good in hygroscopic property and not easy to produce dust, so as to minimize the interference of stress factors. In addition, visitors, especially those who work in other poultry farms, should be declined to prevent the invasion of pathogens.
At this stage of growth, ostriches grow fastest and can gain more than 0.5 kg per day. The common diseases in this period are sand in the forestomach and soft feet.
This is a digestive disorder caused by the accumulation of large amounts of sand in the anterior stomach, which can be caused by malnutrition
Heart failure
And die. Its cause is still unknown, but it may be related to the lack of certain trace elements such as selenium in the feed. The main symptoms are diet loss followed by weight loss. If it develops into waste food, it will die 2-3 days later, and the autopsy can be seen that the stomach is full of sand, which weighs up to 4-5 kg. Intestinal mucosal congestion. Myocardial atrophy, edema, loss of heart fat.
The following measures can be taken to prevent and control the disease: ① In the early stage of the disease, sand grazing can be limited, that is, hard plastic boards are spread on the playground to avoid direct contact between the ostrich and the sand. At the same time to improve the quality of feed, add selenium and other trace elements and a variety of vitamins in the feed, and give rich high-quality green material. ② In the frequent, multiple disease 鸵鸟场, every few days to add some light in the concentrate
purgative
Such as
Paraffin oil
In order to promote the excess sand in the body to be discharged in time to prevent the occurrence of the disease. ③ Severe rheas can be treated with surgery. This in Shantou has been successful surgical treatment experience.
Soft foot disease is caused by excessive growth, the speed of body weight gain exceeds the growth of the bones of the feet and the speed of bone calcification, so that the feet are overloaded. At this time, on the one hand, the ration of feed should be limited to control the growth rate. On the other hand, minerals such as calcium and phosphorus and vitamins such as vitamin D are added to concentrate to promote bone growth and bone calcification. In addition, check whether the sports field is large enough and the sunlight condition of the feedlot.
Adult ostriches have strong disease resistance. But this does not mean that breeding adult ostriches can ignore the disease. Antibodies to Newcastle disease, avian bacillobacillosis and avian septicoplasmosis were detected in breeding birds and eggs imported from South Africa in Foshan, Jiangmen and Shantou, Guangdong Province. This indicates that ostriches have been infected with the above pathogen, but the adult birds have not shown clinical symptoms, and there is no direct data on whether it has caused loss of productivity of ostriches. Newcastle disease has occurred in some domestic farms, causing relatively serious economic losses, which should attract the attention of the majority of ostriches farms (households). With the change of breeding methods in captivity, it is difficult to predict whether these pathogens will pose a direct threat to ostrich.
In addition, dystocia may occur in adult rheas. Mainly due to fright or environmental noise such as new construction 鸵鸟场 or construction in the vicinity of the machine noise. The prevention of the disease is to eliminate the cause and provide the ostrich with a quiet, clean air environment.
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Chinese name
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Latin name
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Namers and years
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remark
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Struthio camelus camelus
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Gurney, 1868
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-
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African ostrich Arabian subspecies
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Struthio camelus
syriacus
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Rothschild, 1919
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Extinct in 1966
[5]
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Struthio camelus massaicus
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Neumann, 1898
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-
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Struthio camelus australis
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Gurney, 1868
[6]
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Be included in
The International Union for Conservation of Nature
The 2016 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ver 3.1 - Not Threatened (LC).
[1]
This species has a wide range, does not approach the vulnerable endangered threshold criteria for species survival (distribution area or fluctuation range less than 20,000 square kilometers, habitat quality, population size, distribution area fragmentation), and population trends are stable, so it is assessed as a species without survival crisis.
Due to the weak anti-interference ability of African ostrich, with the increase of human beings in the habitat, the increase of farm and pasture area, and overgrazing, the original habitat of African ostrich has been damaged, and the range of activity of African ostrich has been greatly reduced, resulting in a decrease in the number of African ostrich.
In the 19th century, African ostrich feathers were considered the most fashionable ornament, and warriors wore them on their helmets, and great ladies accessorized their costumes with them. African ostrich feathers are also regarded as a symbol of purity, nobility, and justice, but people use wild ostriches killed from the wild, resulting in a decrease in the number of ostriches. In addition, the widespread harvesting of ostrich eggs and hunting for meat and skin in northern and southern Africa pushed ostrich populations to the brink of extinction in the 20th century.
In the mid-19th century, the practice of breeding ostrich began to spread. This allows ostriches to be domesticated and plucked, rather than hunted.
On May 29, 2020, ostrich was included in China's "National Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Catalog", which was classified together with Turkey, allamas, sika deer and other terrestrial wild animals whose artificial domestication and breeding technology is mature and can be commercially domesticated, bred and managed. Ostriches can be bred in captivity to provide humans with meat, eggs, milk, fur, fiber and other products.
The whole body of the African ostrich feathers are velvet feathers (only the shaft and the twigs), the texture of the feathers is fine, the warmth is good, the feel is soft, can be used for noble clothing and headdress. Its feathers do not carry static electricity and can be used to wipe advanced precision instruments and computers.
The skin of the African ostrich can be made into excellent leather, which is characterized by: light, beautiful, has a unique pore pattern, good air permeability, strong tension, not aging, durable, crimpable, long service life after the product is made, and with the growth of time, the product surface is more bright.
