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Southern Fujian
It is said to have originated
The Yellow River
,
The Luoshui River
River basin, in
The Western Jin Dynasty (536-597)
period
,
Tang Dynasty
,
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907)
Move to
Fujian (Province)
The south, originated in Fujian
Quanzhou
. Now the main distribution is divided
Southern Fujian region
and
Taiwan area
In addition, it is also distributed in northeast Fujian, southeast Zhejiang, and
Kwangtung
Chaoshan area
(
Jieyang County
,
Shantou (a city in Guangdong Province)
,
Chaozhou
),
Shanwei
,
[4-6]
[8 to 11]
Western Guangdong
Region (Zhanjiang, Maoming, Yangjiang), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Zhongshan, Hong Kong),
Hainan Island
and
Southeast Asia
Most of the Chinese community. The Hokkien language is spoken by more than 70 million people worldwide.
The term "Hokkien" can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. The broad sense refers to the collection of Hokkien, while the narrow sense only refers to the Hokkien in Fujian and Taiwan. Taiwan and Western scholars believe that it is a language, belonging to the Chinese-Tibetan family
Chinese
Min Chinese
Branch. In the classification of continental linguistics, it belongs to the Chinese language family
Min Chinese
A kind of.
Quanzhou dialect
,
Zhangzhou dialect
,
Xiamen dialect
,
Hokkien
,
Heluo dialect
Etc.;
[7]
Also known in Taiwan as
Formosan
,
Heluo dialect
or
Gospel
Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia are called Hokkien or Hokkien
Our dialect
(
Taiwanese min character
Write in local dialect).
- Chinese name
- Southern Fujian
- Foreign name
- Min Nan dialects
- Language family
- Sino-tibetan family - Chinese - Min branch
- User population
- About 70 million people
- Usage ranking
- 21st in the world
- Area of use
- Southern Fujian, Taiwan, eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong, etc
- Language film division
- Fujian/Taiwan/Guangdong/Hainan
catalogue
- 1Historical formation
- 2Spread distribution
- ▪Cause of circulation
- ▪Distribution area
- 3Language classification
- ▪Differences between China and foreign countries
- ▪subdialect
- ▪Intimate dialect
- 4Language phonetic symbol
- ▪International phonetic alphabet
- ▪Roman phonetic notation
- ▪Tone change
- ▪Initial list
- ▪Pronunciation characteristics
- ▪Retention component
- 5About loan words
- ▪Residual word
All the branches of Minnan language are derived from the Zhangzhou phonology in Quanzhou, but there are different differences and changes according to the time of differentiation, geographical estrangement and the evolution of Zhangquan phonology.
The formation of Hokkien is mainly due to two waves of immigration. The reasons for immigration are barbarian and disorderly:
The first time: in the fourth century, residents from the Central Plains in the north of the Western Jin Dynasty migrated to Fujian, some of which were primary
Quanzhou dialect
Formed at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty
Five wild flowers
During the period (304-439 AD), northern ethnic groups invaded the Central Plains. In the second year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (308 AD), eight ethnic groups (Zhan Lin, Huang Chen, Zheng Qiu, He Hu) from the Central Plains (around Henan) began to take refuge in Quanzhou, Fujian Province
Jinjiang
Along the river basin, they brought the languages of the Central Plains at that time (such as You body, close, turtle, consider, ding, Zhu, etc.) over, later called "Quanzhou dialect." But this time the number was very small, and the immigrants mostly stayed in the Minjiang River and Mulan River basin.
The Southern Dynasties
Analysis of Liang Tianjian Period (AD 502-519)
Jin 'an
austral
South Anshire
In order to maintain stability in the south of Fujian Province, it is located in Fengzhou Town, Nan 'an City, leading Jin 'an and other three counties, with jurisdiction over today's Xiamen, Putian, Quanzhou,
Zhangzhou
It was not until the middle of the Tang Dynasty more than 200 years later that Wulong Prefecture was set up for the third time in today's Quanzhou urban area, and soon it was renamed Quanzhou. The system of Quanzhou urban area was stabilized, and Anxi, Hui 'an, Yongchun and Dehua in Quanzhou were set up in the five dynasties after 400 years. So a small number of "Quanzhou dialect" is the third and fourth century Chinese original voice "Wu-chu dialect" (e.g. : water soldier (phio5), hand ng2, Liu-hia) and the local "Yue language" [e.g. : loo3 (high), san2 (thin), lim (drink), hiu3 (spread)] fusion, this is the main source of the "white voice", earlier than the "reading sound".
History of Hokkien language
Third time: late ninth century
King Tide
,
Wang Xingui
,
Wang Shenzhi
The three brothers ruled Fuzhou, Quanzhou, etc., and Quanzhou dialect was formed.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Huang Chao Uprising (878 AD) occurred.
Gwangju
Gushi County people Wang Chao, Wang Xian GUI, Wang Xian know three brothers to the south to quell the chaos, after Wang Chao was sealed to do Fujian Weiwu army. This group of people brought the ninth century Zhongyuan dialect.
Most of the third immigrants were in the Tang Dynasty
Huainan road
People from Gwangju. When people in Fujian read the Four Books and five Classics, this is the main source of some "reading sounds".
Scholars at the end of the Ming Dynasty systematically sorted out the Hokkien language at that time and wrote "Huiyin Baojian", which gave birth to fifteen tones.
The people of Henan in the north (Central Plains) entered Fujian from the Qin and Han Dynasties and flourished in the Six Dynasties. Minnan language was gradually formed in different historical periods after the people in the ancient northern Henan region migrated to the south and entered Minnan for many times to avoid war, quell rebellion or escape famine and other reasons. Although the influence of the Minnan native language (ancient Yue language) on the formation and development of Minnan language cannot be ruled out, the advanced production technology and excellent culture brought by the Central Plains people at that time can be seen from the perspective of the advanced production technology and excellent culture. From the characteristics of Minnan language in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, it can be seen that in the process of communication and integration between the Henan dialect brought by the Central Plains people and the local Fujian dialect, the ancient Henan dialect has an absolute advantage. The Huaxia Han people (ancient Henan people) in the Central Plains moved from Henan in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to Fujian in the southeast, and the culture of the Central Plains was brought here by their descendants, and then moved to southern Fujian, and finally crossed the strait to Taiwan, so it is called Heluo language (the language of Henan). In addition to southern Fujian, Taiwan, some places in northeast Fujian, and some parts of the mainland, Southeast Asian countries and regions in the Chinese Minnan dialect is quite common. The main reason why Hokkien is so popular is because of its history
Southern Fujian people
Migration and emigration.
With the support of the chief envoy of Fujian, he recruited tens of thousands of victims from the coast of Fujian and transported them by boat to Taiwan for reclamation. In 1862, Imperial Minister Shen Baozhen came to Taiwan to handle defense and attract reclamation, thus lifting the nearly 200-year ban on crossing Taiwan again. Hai Lufeng are mostly immigrants from southern Fujian. There are two reasons for this. One is: Since the Tang Dynasty, Quanzhou had communication and trade with some countries in Africa and the Middle East. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou Port has become one of the largest trading ports in the world. Later, the Moon Port and Xiamen Port in Zhangzhou have also successively become important ports in the world, with more and more overseas trade. Naturally, they took the hokkien dialect with them; Another reason is that the people of southern Fujian are very able to struggle, and they left their homes in order to make a living, and brought them to make a living in the South Ocean area. For hundreds of years, the Minnan people lived and multiplied there, and the Minnan dialect also took root and developed with them in the Southeast Asian countries.
Among them, the Minnan dialect in Fujian Province is the closest to the Minnan dialect in Taiwan and the Minnan dialect in overseas countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and basically "talk well"
Chaoshan area
Although the Minnan dialect commonly used in Hainan was brought to the local area by immigrants from Minnan in different periods, due to changes in society, history and geography, it has different degrees of differences from the Minnan dialect in southern Fujian, and communication has different degrees of difficulties. However, it can be said that no matter which region of Minnan dialect is popular, It all comes from the Minnan dialect in the southern Fujian Province.
Fujian dialect is mainly distributed in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen, most of Xinluo District of Longyan and most of Zhangping City, most of Datian and Youxi in Sanming area, Fuding, Xiapu, Jiaocheng District and Fuqing in Ningde City: Some natural villages in Yuxi Town of Fuqing City, some natural villages in Wangkeng of Yidu Township, Shangjing Township, Yinxi Township, Yangxia Township, Dongzhang and other towns, Longtang, Zhenbian, Zhoudian and other villages in Honglu Town. Quanzhou Hui and Manchu, Mongols can also use fluent Hokkien, outside the Hui village Quanzhou Hui can also speak Hokkien.
Outside of Fujian, Minnan is most widely spoken in Taiwan, where about 80% of the population can speak it.
According to the relevant information, basically, according to the different regions, Hokkien roughly includes the following sub-dialects: The first is the Fujian and Taiwan films, which are mainly distributed in Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in the south of Fujian Province, Datian and Youxi in the north, Longyan and Zhangping in the west, as well as in Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taoyuan, Miaoli, Keelung, Nantou, Pingtung, Changhua, Hualien, Chiayi, Yilan, Yunlin, Taitung, Hsinchu, Penghu and other cities and counties in Taiwan Province. It has a population of nearly 30 million. In addition, some people in northeastern Jiangxi Province and Pingnan County in Guangxi Province also speak Hokkien.
在中国大陆其他地区和东南亚等地区也有分布：
-
Guangdong Province: of eastern China Chaoshan area ( Chaozhou , Shantou (a city in Guangdong Province) , Jieyang County ), [1] Eastern Guangdong Region ( Shanwei ), [1] Some towns and villages of Huidong County, Huizhou City in the southeast; Canton old Xiangshan county Several of Dialect island [Includes Lungdu , Nandu , The four capitals , Valley capital , above Gongchang Du Qi O Township (i.e. Qiao island )]; Zhanjiang Leizhou Peninsula , Maoming Dianbai District, Yangjiang coastal areas and so on.
-
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: with sporadic distribution zone, southeast Guiping, Pingnan, Beiliu and Liuzhou near.
-
Hainan Province: Distributed in Haikou, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Ding 'an, Tunchang, Chengmai and other cities and counties and Lingshui, Ledong, Dongfang, Changjiang, Sanya, Qiongzhong, Wuzhishan and other cities and counties in most areas.
-
Zhejiang Province: Pingyang, Cangnan, Dongtou, Ruian, Wencheng, Taishun in the southern Wenzhou area, Yuhuan and Wenling in Taizhou area; The west is close to the Sanqingshan area of Jiangxi; Eastern Ningbo Xiangshan Shipu, Cixi Guanhaiwei and other places as well Zhoushan Islands A small part; Northern Hangzhou Lin 'an, Yuhang and other places, Huzhou Deqing, Anji, Changxing and other places.
-
Jiangsu Province: Yixing City in the southern mountains, Jintan, Jurong area.
-
Jiangxi Province: Part of the northeast near Zhejiang Province (Shangrao, Yanshan, Guangfeng, Yushan, etc.).
-
Some towns in the south of Anhui province.
-
Luzhou area of Sichuan Province.
-
Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Brunei, Thailand and other places.
-
Other overseas regions: Countries and regions where the Hokkien emigrated.
In terms of language system, Hokkien is considered by most Chinese linguists to be a dialect of Chinese, while most western scholars consider Hokkien to be a language. Hokkien is also recognized by UNESCO as a language and is actually one of more than a dozen dialects of China.
Basically, according to different regions, it can be roughly divided into the following sub-dialects:
Quanzhou dialect
,
Zhangzhou dialect
,
Xiamen dialect
,
Teochew dialect
, Taiwanese,
Southern Zhejiang Min language
,
Shanwei dialect
, Huidong
babbler
,
Zhongshan Min language
,
Leizhou dialect
, Electric Baili dialect, electric Baihai dialect,
Longyan dialect
, Baba, Penang, Malaysia
Hokkien
Singapore Hokkien.
Slices of quanzhang river
Also known as Min-tai, that is, local Hokkien, narrow Hokkien. It is used in Southeast Asia, such as central and southern Fujian, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, etc., with a high degree of internal consistency and generally smooth communication. The two phonological systems are different, but strictly corresponding; The grammar and wording are basically the same. And in unequal proportions, spectral mixing, gradual change, appear in the internal individual oral language, called "Zhangquan indiscriminate". Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Xiamen dialect and Taiwan dialect (which are similar, the former is louder than the latter) belong to it.
Southern Fujian region
Zhangzhou dialect, mainly Fucheng, Longhai, Dongshan and Zhangping and other accents. It is widely used in Zhangzhou area of Fujian Province, southern Taiwan and Yilan and other plain areas, and the Hokkien language in Shanwei Sea and Lufeng area of Guangdong Province (except Sanjia area of Lufeng, which is close to Huilai dialect) and Huizhou area is close to Zhangzhou dialect.
Shanwei dialect
Shanwei dialect, a local phonology of Chinese Hokkien, used to be called "Fu-lao dialect" or "Xue-lao dialect" by people in other dialect areas.
The common dialect of Shanwei is mainly Fu Luo dialect, which is the largest dialect in Shanwei. It is mainly distributed on both sides of Guangshan Highway in the middle of Shanwei City and in the southern coastal areas, represented by Haicheng dialect and Donghai Dialect respectively.
Teochew dialect
Teochew
, also known as
Teochew dialect
In the east of Guangdong
Chaoshan area
[1]
As well as widely used among overseas Chinese, belong to
Min Chinese
One of the more well-known branches of the department. The grammar is the same as that of Fujian and Taiwan films, and the vocabulary is also highly corresponding. Chaoshan dialect contains many ancient Chinese elements, derived from
Southern Fujian
Words (in Chinese)
Putian dialect
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of Putian people from southern Fujian immigrated to China to escape the war
Chaoshan area
. In the late Tang Dynasty, the late Southern Song Dynasty, the late Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty, Putian people successively immigrated to Chaoshan, the largest scale in the late Southern Song Dynasty, so they are all the ancient Chinese left over.
Taiwanese Hokkien
Also known as Taiwan Hokkien: can be called "sea mountain abuse" "sea abuse". It is divided into "Haikou" (Quanzhou dialect), "north to the sea" and "south to the sea" of "general cavity", "Neipu cavity" (Zhangzhou dialect) four representatives. The main features are a large number of Pingpu languages, English, Dutch, Japanese and other foreign languages, and the "national language" promoted by the Taiwan authorities, as well as the influence of Wu and other provincial dialects. Zhangzhou immigrants mainly live in the central plain, northern coastal areas and Lanyang plain, so it is called Neipu cavity; Quanzhou immigrants mainly live in the central coastal area, Taipei basin, known as the sea mouth, the south is the mixed area of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Therefore, the saying "Quanzhou people live in the seaside, Zhangzhou people live in the inland plain" is only in the central area of Taiwan in line with this distribution.
Xiamen dialect: Xiamen is located at the junction of Quanzhangzhou and is deeply influenced by both.
Southeast Asia
The Hokkien dialect used in Southeast Asia is mainly composed of Fujian and Taiwan dialects, mixed with some Teochew dialects, and interacts with the local language depending on the location.
Southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian
Zhe Nan Min language, the fragment of Quanzhang piece. After migrating to southern Zhejiang successively (mainly in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties because of the evolution of the coastal defense policy of Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is recorded in the genealogy of various family names in Cangnan, such as Zhu, Hong, Lin, Ding, Chen, Wu, Zheng, etc.) and eastern Minnan, due to its own evolution and the influence of surrounding dialects (Ou language in southern Zhejiang, Fuzhou language family in eastern Minnan), it has formed certain differences with the local Minnan dialect in southern Minnan. People in Pingyang, Cangnan and Dongtou used to call this dialect "Fujian dialect". In Fuding County, the population of such words is about 100,000 people; The Shuimen and Ya towns in Xiapu County are backflowed from the Minnan dialect island in Pingyang, Zhejiang Province. Ningde City Flluan Township bowl kiln, reef village, thousands of people. Modern southern Zhejiang Min language and
Fujian and Taiwan pian
Compared with the Hokkien dialect, the main problems are the merging and degeneration of the endings, and a few differences in terms of words.
First, the basic finals are: a, i, u, e, o
Note:
(1) a, i and u are all similar to Mandarin.
(2) e is pronounced as the vowel of the word "one and two", the same as the English pronunciation /e/.
(3) The sound of o is similar to the vowel o in Mandarin, and there are many similar pronunciations, such as the vowel of the word "Ju" in "Ju", the vowel of the word "Luo" in "landing", and so on.
(4) These vowels can be combined into most vowels, such as iu, in, ing, ang, and the rules are similar to Chinese pinyin.
(5) Intertone: The difference is that /ao/ in Chinese pinyin should be written as /au/. Mandarin with /u/ as the accent (except ui), such as wow /ua/, should be changed from /u/ to /o/, that is, /oa/. In other words, the use of o and u is the opposite of Mandarin.
Min Nan vowel
(6) Nasal: The characteristic of our language is that some words are nasal, such as "day /tiN/" and the English letter T, it is not the same, where there is a nasal sound, the letter N is added at the end of the syllable.
(7) The sound of the word "black" is somewhat like the first syllable of the English order, which is not in Mandarin, but there is in Pu language, we write /ou/.
(8) Entry vowel: The entry vowel of Minnan dialect can be said to be the most complete preserved among the national dialects. It is also the most difficult part for foreigners to learn Minnan dialect.
(9) About /i/, /it/, /ik/, /ip/, /ih/, etc. :
/i/ is similar to yi in Mandarin (different from yi, same as E in English, same as Japanese い and Korean 이)
/it/ is the "one" of our Hokkien "one two three four", you can feel the root of the tongue tight after pronouncing it
/ik/ is the final of the Xiamen word for "force /lik/".
/ak/ To "water" the flowers "wo" word, read /ak/
/ip/ is the last i to shut up
/ih/ is a shortened i, pronounced very short. (The word "duck" in Quanzhou saying "duck")
(The above pronunciation is the same or similar to the Cantonese sound)
2. Initial part:
It is very different from the initials of Chinese Pinyin, but it is in line with international customs and easy for foreigners to understand.
There are basic
p is equivalent to b in Hanyu Pinyin, and if it is p in Hanyu Pinyin, it is added to h to become /ph/
b Mandarin no, outsiders think it is m, such as Minnan wife "certain" (the word is "basao") /bou/, hair and Mandarin mou is different.
t is equivalent to the Mandarin d, if it is aspirated, add h, become /th/, read the Chinese pinyin t sound.
ch is equivalent to z in Mandarin (sometimes j, such as ji, jiu, we write chi,chiu), aspirated sound plus h.
Chart of Hokkien initials
m is the same as Mandarin.
n It's the same as Mandarin.
ng is the initial consonant of "mistake" for "misunderstanding."
g There is no final for "I"/" goa "in Pinyin.
About /t'/ and /t/
Our Mandarin Chinese is not voiced (in fact, Quansha's Minnan dialect is also). That is to say, our Mandarin, t' s (t) are all unspoken. It's not in English /d/ our language. The difference between /t'/ and /t/ is that there is no air in the mouth, just put your hand over your mouth and feel it when you say these two words (the difference between t/ and /d/ is that there is no vibration in the throat, /d/ is vibrating, /t/ is not).
(Peh-oe-ji)
(1) Letters
Aa Bb Cc Ee Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk
Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Ss Tt Uu
(2) consonant (initial)
p-ph-b-m--t-th-l-n
-[p‘]--[m]--[t]-[t‘]-[l]-[n]
Humble - cap - not - cotton - knowledge - shame - away - Ni
k-kh-g-ng-h-ch-chh-s-j
[k]-[k‘]-[g]-[?] -[h]-[ts]-[ts‘]-[s]-[dz]
Base - deception - doubt - hard - hope - chi - poetry - son
(1) Zuyin j is only found in Zhangxian counties (except Zhangpu County) and Taiwan, and occasionally in Hui 'an and Yongchun of Spring and Tong 'an District of Xiamen. Today, Xiamen and Quanzhou are mostly incorporated into Zuyin l, and Zhangpu into g.
(2) h, p, t, k are also used as the final symbol of the entering sound, and when the final symbol of the entering sound is done, only the blocking action is generated and no sound is emitted.
(3) International Phonetic Alphabet in parentheses.
vowel
1. Basic vowels
a e o o? /ou i u ee ir er
[a] [e] [o] [e] [i] [u] [ε] [ka] [γ]
A shoe nest black clothes dirty dumb pig pot
(1) The first six are the basic vowels of the Xiamen sound, and the Zhangzhou sound adds ee; Quanzhou sound increases Noh and gamma
2. Interphonation
Hokkien, sound vowel diagram
Aioye frog demon crooked
oe ui io iu iou
[ue][ui][io][iu][i?]
One's voice is very strong. (Here)
3. Nasal rhymes
m ng an in ian un oan am im
[m][?] [an][in][ian][un][uan][am][im]
Mm seedling Ann because of smoke warm bend nunnery sound
iam eng ang ong iang iong (oang) (om)
[iam][i?] [a?] [?] [ia?] [ua?] [?m]
Yu Ying Hong Wang Yangyang (Wind) (Sen)
(1) "wind" is the Tongan sound, "sen" is the Zhangzhou sound.
4. Nasalize the rhyme
aN iN eN oN uN iaN oaN (oeN) An in en on UN Ian Oan (Oen)
[a~] [i~] [e~] [?~] [u~] [ia~] [ua~] [ue~]
Stuffed round baby cake (minced)
iuN ioN uiN auN aiN oaiN iauN
[iu~] [i?~][ui~][au~][ai~][uai~][iau~]
Yang sheep yellow ow idle (off) meow
(1) aN=a? , iN=i? , eN=e? The same goes for the rest.
(2) "Mi", "Yang" and "yellow" are Zhangzhou sounds; "Idle" is the same sound.
(3) "Mouth", "ow" and "meow" are onomatopoeia.
5. Rhyme
ah-eh-oh-ouh-ih-uh-iah-ioh
[a?] [e?] [o?] [?] [i?] [u?] [ia?] [io?]
Duck - hiccup - Science - (membrane) - (turtle) - (嗍) - page - medicine
iuh-oah-oeh-uih-aih-auh-iauh-oaih
[iu?] [ua?] [ue?] [ui?] [ai?] [au?] [iau?] [uai?]
The e - Huo - narrow - (blood) - duck - (hail) - pin-kou
ahN-auhN-ihN-ouhN-aihN-ehN-oaihN-mh
[a~?] [au~?] [i~?] /? ~? [ai~?] [e~?] [uai~?] [m?]
(shoe) - (xink) - exit - exit - exit - exit - exit - (silence)
ngh-ap-ak-at-ek-ip-it-ut
[??][ap][ak][at][ik][ip][it][ut]
(Rub) - pressure - Wo - repressing - benefit - bow - B - Wu
iap-iak-iat-ok-iok-oat-op-
[iap][iak][iat][?k][uat][?p]
Ye -- (煏) -- Ye -- Wu -- Yue -- Kou
(1) "aih duck" is the same pronunciation; "op" is the pronunciation of Zhangzhou.
(2) "Kou" represents each onomatopoeia, with sound and no word.
Hokkien tones
Tune name: Yin flat Yin Yin Yin Yin Yin Yin Yin Yin Yin into Yang Pingyang to Yang into
Modulation: 44 53 21 32 24 22 4
Tone character: 'irregular tone ^ - '
Chart of Hokkien tones
kim kim kim kip kiam k? m ki'p
kim kim2 kim3 kip kiam5 kim7 kip8
Jinjin prohibited grade Hami limited and
Example two kun kun kut kun k n ku't
kun kun2 kun3 kut kun5 kun7 kut8
Jun roll stick bone skirt county slippery
Example 3: tong tong tong tok tong t pomng to'k
tong tong2 tong3 tok tong5 tong7 tok8
East party building governor with cave alone
Example 4 pe pe e peh pe pe PE PE PE PE PE PE PE 'h
pe pe2 e3 peh pe5 pe7 peh8
Fly the dirty man to climb twice white
Example V
chan chan chan chat chan ch han cha't
chan chan2 chan3 chat chan5 chan7 chat8
Zeng Zhanjie layer gift
Note: (1) The first sound (Yin flat) and the fourth sound (Yin in) are not in tune.
(2) This table is not designed to contain the content of a soft voice.
(3) The design of this table does not include the part of tone variation.
(4) The sixth sound is formally "Yang Shang", in fact, there is no "Yang Shang" tone in Xiamen, Zhangtai (" Yang Shang "merged with" Yang go "), so there is no sixth sound.
First, this tune
1. Separate one-word reading key:
Zhang (chiang), state (chiu) Zhang (chiuN), Pu (phou2), kim (kim), men (mng5), Taiwan (tai5), East (tang).
2. Last word pronunciation of a phrase:
Zhangzhou (chiang7) (chiu), Zhangzhou (chiuN7) Pu (phou2), Jin (kim7) men (mng5), tai7 (tai7) East (tang).
3. Soft preword intonation:
Mr. Liu (lau5), Kang (khng) home, go (kiaN5) out, Qi (khi3) die, buy (be2).
Second, general tone variation
(1) Tone variation of non-entering voice
(1) The 5th tone changes to the 7th tone
tong5 → tong7
Hair (mng5) → Hair (mng5) tube
(2) The seventh sound changes to the third sound
Hole (tong7) → Hole (tong3) hole
Number (ho7) → number (ho3)
(3) The third sound changes to the second sound
Building (tong3) → Building (tong2) beam
Pass koe3 → Pass koe2
(4) The second sound changes to the first sound
khou2 → khou
Soft (nng2) → Soft (nng) foot
(5) The first sound changes to the seventh sound
Brick (chng) → Brick (chng7) head
Sour (sng) → Sour (sng7) sweet
(2) The change of tone in the sound
(6) The final vowel is "-p/-t/-k", the eighth sound changes to the fourth sound, and the fourth sound changes to the eighth sound
Shu (siok) → Shu (siok8) female
hoat → hoat8) State
One (it) → one (it8) stream
hap8 → hap
Fine (hoat8) → Fine (hoat) money
Serve (hok8) → Serve (hok)
(7) The end of the entering rhyme is "-h", the fourth tone, the second tone after the change of tone, and the end rhyme "-h" is lifted, becoming "Shu Sheng rhyme"
Snow (seh) → Snow (se2) Water
Borrow (chioh) → Borrow (chio2) money
hioh → Xiu (hio2-siu7)
(8) The end of the entering rhyme is "-h", the eighth tone, the third tone after the change of tone, and the end rhyme "-h" is lifted, becoming "Shu Sheng rhyme".
Hak (oh8) → Hak (o3) Don
Step (tah8) → Step (ta3) water wheel
White (peh8) → White (pe3) color
Narrow (eh8) → narrow (e3) fine
Minnan Pronunciation Putonghua Pinyin Clear turbid aspirated (1 means aspirated)
Stop:
p (glass) b clear 0
p' (slope) p clear 1
b (cap) turbidity
t (knife) d clear 0
t prime (drag) t clear 1
k (g) g clear 0
k' (family) k clear 1
g (goose) Turbid
Affricate:
ts (by) z clear 0
ts' (operation) c clear 1
dz (day) turbidity
Nasal:
m (m) m turbid
Lateral VOICE:
l (Luo) l Turbid
Fricative:
s (shuttle) s
h (river) h
Note: 1, the example word in parentheses is Hokkien pronunciation;
2, /*/ is pronounced in English;
3, b, g, l are pronounced m, n, ng when combined with the subsequent nasalized vowel.
Tone table:
Key categories: Yin Ping, Yang Ping, upper voice, Yin go, Yang go, Yin in, Yang in
Tuning: 55, 213, 53, 11, 33, 32, 14
Example words: true, Qin, Zhen, advance, do, quality, disease
Ipa: tsin, tsin, tsin, tsin, tsit, tsit
Summarize several corresponding relationships:
Miscible initials:
Hokkien: p-ph-k-kh-t-th-l-n-b-m
Mandarin: B-P-G-K-D-T-L-N- none -m
ch[z/j]=z or j, chh[ts]=q, s=x (left is Hokkien initial, right is Mandarin initial, same below).
b is not equal to B in Mandarin, which does not exist in Mandarin, nor is it m, such as "mother" bu.
Based on the migration of Yidi people (the ancient Minyue indigenous group) and the northern Henan people (the Central Plains people) into Fujian, especially the northern people in the Tang and Song dynasties, the present-day Minnan dialect is gradually formed by the exchange and combination of the ancient sounds of Bamin and foreign languages.
The main characteristics of the pronunciation of Hokkien are: 1, most of the ancient turbidities can be flat words, today's pronunciation is not breathing; 2, reading, climbing, etc., sometimes retain the crack sound, into [t], [?] ; 3, no light lip [v], [f]; 4, there is a final [-m], [-p], [-t], [-k]; 5, tone seven categories, the above is the main, and the ancient tone system is not equivalent. In addition, in Hokkien, there is a big difference between the vernacular and the white language. Bai pronunciation represents the ancient source of the local dialect. According to the research, it is a unique phonetic system formed by the combination of the Chinese brought by the southern migration of the Central Plains people in the Tang Dynasty and the local Minyue indigenous (minority) language. The vernacular pronunciation is the local dialect and the national authoritative dialect (ancient Yanyan, Tongyu, modern Mandarin, modern Chinese, vocabulary, grammar and other aspects of the expression of close to the authoritative common language).
The Hokkien language retains a considerable part of the pronunciation and vocabulary of ancient Chinese, especially in the Tang and Song dynasties, and is known as the living fossil of ancient Chinese by language scholars at home and abroad. Therefore, studying and exploring the development of Minnan language plays a positive role in protecting and promoting the ancient Chinese language heritage, studying other Chinese languages and the social, economic and cultural fields of the ancient Minyue region.
Ancient Chinese preserved elements
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consonant
The consonants (initials) of Minnan language directly inherit the initials system of ancient Chinese. In this respect, Hokkien was not influenced by the evolution of Chinese phonetics in the Middle Ages. It is generally believed that ancient Chinese has 19 initial consonants. According to the traditional analysis of 15 sounds of Min Nan language, Min Nan language has 15 initial consonants, that is to say, the 19 initial consonants of ancient Chinese Min Nan language retains 15.
Ancient Chinese has some characteristics:
The important phonological phenomena of ancient Chinese without light lip, ancient without sublingual and ancient multi-lingual are well preserved in Hokkien, reflecting the above characteristics of ancient Chinese, which are analyzed as follows:
In Hokkien, "Fei" and "bang" have the same initial pronunciation, such as "fei" ([pe44]), "peng" ([phang24]), "bark" ([pui22]), "wei" ([bi24]). "Knowledge set" and "end" set of initials law, such as "pigs" ([ti44] / [tu44] / [44] t?), "ugly" ([thiu53]), "cheng" ([thiann24]). Many "chapter groups" have the same initials as "end groups", such as "lip" ([tun24]), "vibration" ([tin53]), "call" ([tiau22]), and "note" ([tu21]).
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Vowel tone
It is traditionally thought that Hokkien has 8 sounds (it is actually 7), namely:
Example word tone value tone type tone class
The Lion 55 is flat and flat
Tiger 52 high down
Leopard 31 low drop shade to go
Turtle 3 'low promotion regulation Yin
Monkey 35 rise to adjust the sun level
Dog 52 high falling up
Like 33 low flat modulation Yang go
Deer 4 'high promote regulating Yang entry
Professor Lin Yangmin, a senior Hokkien expert, believes that the Hokkien tones have been condensed into six sounds, namely:
Example word tone value tone type tone class comparison
Lion 55 high flat tone Yin flat with Mandarin a sound: Wang
Monkey 35 back up to adjust Yang flat with Mandarin two voices: ocean
Leopard 31 low falling Yin to Mandarin three tones: sea (tone variation)
Tiger 52 high falling tone on the same language four voices: waves
Turtle 3 'low promotion Yin into the same Mandarin five sounds: a (this word is different from "a")
Like 33 low flat tone Yang to Mandarin without this tone
Lion 55 high flat tone Yin flat with Mandarin a sound: Wang
The vowels and tones of Hokkien reflect the characteristics of ancient Chinese pronunciation. Vowels, hokkien and cantonese dialect in intact after six rhyme terminal, including [p], [t], [] - k is plosive, [m], [-n], [-?] It's nasal.
In terms of tone, the characteristics of "flat up into each Yin and Yang" of the ancient Chinese sound are reflected in Fujian. Zhangzhou accent, Xiamen accent, Tongan accent, Taiwan dominant accent, there are Yin flat, Yin up, Yin away, Yin in, Yang ping, Yang away, Yang into 7 tones; Quanzhou tone (only represented by Quanzhou city "Fucheng tone") has seven tones: Yin flat, Yin up, Yin out (Yin goes and Yang goes together), Yin in, Yang ping, Yang up and Yang in. Longyan sound (represented by Longyan urban sound) has 8 tones (four different Yin and Yang).
In general, there are eight tones in ancient Chinese, reflecting "flat up into each Yin and Yang". Most of today's Chinese dialects can retain some characteristics of ancient Chinese pronunciation completely or incompletely. Taking Minnan Dialect as an example, Zhangzhou dialect only lacks the key of "Yangshang" (Zhangqiang Yangshang merged with Yang); Quanzhou tone is the only one that does not distinguish Yin and Yang (that is, Yin and Yang go together, but they can still distinguish after each change in tone).
It's called Hokkien
Seven tones and eight keys
", refers to the completeness of these tonalities.
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Tone of voice
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flat
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Up.
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to...
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Into the
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|||||
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level
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Positive level
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Upper Yin
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A surname
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Removal of Yin
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Yang depletion
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Yin ingress
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Yang ingress
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CODE
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1
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5
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2
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6
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3
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7
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4
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8
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|
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Tone value
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Xiamen (in Fujian Province)
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44
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24
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53
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-
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21
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22
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32
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4
|
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Dong tang
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Copper tang
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Dong tang
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-
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Frozen tang
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Dynamic tang
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Touch tak
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detak
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||
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Taipei
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44
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24
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53
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-
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11
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33
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32
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4
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|
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-
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|||||||||
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Tainan
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44
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23
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41
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-
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21
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33
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32
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44
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|
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-
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|||||||||
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Zhangzhou
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34
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13
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53
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-
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21
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22
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32
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121
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|
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-
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|||||||||
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Quanzhou
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33
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24
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55
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22
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41
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5
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24
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||
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-
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Words and expressions
There are many elements of ancient Chinese in Hokkien words, the oldest of which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, or even the ancient times. For example, "膋" in the idiom "toss and turn in the sun and light a lamp in the dark 膋" is the language of that time. "The Book of Songs, Xiao Ya, Xinnan Mountain" has: "To seize its Luan knife, to raise its hair, take its blood 膋." )
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person
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singular
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mode
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||||
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First person
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I gua
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Nguyen gun
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exclusionability
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I am, I am, I am ng, ung, oang
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us
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inclusivity
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Nonlang
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Zan lan
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Second person
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Ru li
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ninlin
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You (" you ") ning, ling
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||
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Third person
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Iraq
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Symptom in
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i nang (Chao Qiong film) ing (I lien
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||
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Fujian Taiwan piece) Nong (people) lang, nang
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Personal description:
Nong Wei "people" language reading: equivalent to Mandarin "people". This character was introduced to Japan and is used in the first person by the emperor and later the elderly, Nong (わし). In addition, the third person may not be specific to the singular and plural.
Yu = yu = I/I. I read all the same, "Wu" is a phonetic character. It is pronounced ngo in Chinese and go in Chinese. Confucius also called himself Wu in the Analects. And more commonly, "I" goa, in modern usage.
The right half of the word "you" is the simplified or cursive script of the word "er", and you and women are the same in the second person, such as the Analects: "Today's female painting." "Female" is what you mean, and the female character is also pronounced in both ways in Hokkien.
You. Today, Mandarin is only interpreted as the second person honorific.
All "I" in the Book of Songs means "he".
Sheng and Mr. : Japanese and Korean also retain the use of "Mr."; The latter, さん, is the ancient sound of the Chinese character "sheng". "Zhang Sheng" means Mr. Zhang; "Mr. Zhang" refers to Teacher Zhang, some students have specialized, predecessors, such as doctors, teachers, lawyers... Let's wait.
It: This in Mandarin, until the Ming Dynasty before the Chinese, or use "Zhi" to indicate the Mandarin "this". The oldest one dates back to the Book of Songs: "The son is in return" (the child is married).
Teeth: Teeth in the mouth of humans and herbivores. Such as horse teeth, dental doctors (non-dentists), dental cream (non-toothpaste); Other animals, goblins, juveniles, children or protrudes outside the mouth, sharp ones, called teeth. Such as wild teeth (growing out of the mouth), ivory (growing outside the mouth)
Drowns/shit drowns: drowns, urine also. Zhuang Zi: "Tao is drowning in shit."
Time: late at night, sunrise, early/late (early also as a Wolf), late afternoon/late afternoon (referring to the afternoon), sunset (in common parlance, "the sun sets"), dusk, feast/feast/dark/dark (evening)... Wait for the word. These names can be found in the ten hour system of Huainan Zi. Astronomical Xun, the Sui Shu. Astronomical Records, or the official twelve hour system of the Han Dynasty. Others, such as mid-day (noon).
Space: The words are strictly distinguished.
Top/top. "Top" refers to the upper edge of the object, and "upper" refers to the upper or upper half of the object. For example, above the head, on the top of the hill, above the water (usually above the water such as along the coast), above the water or water (bridge the water tops), on the tree, on the body, on the roof of the body, on the roof of the sky,
Bottom/foot. "Bottom" refers to the lower edge of the object, and "foot" refers to the lower side or lower half of the object. For example, the bottom of the foot, the foot of the mountain, the bottom of the water, the foot of the tree (such as the bottom of the tree refers to the bottom of the root), the bottom of the well (the bottom of a certain space), the bottom of the hand (also refers to the resources that can be directly mastered), the hand (as large as the one under my control, not as strong as the bottom of the hand). .
Oh (deepest). Ru village Ao (most Li village.) Owanda, Owanda Sham Shui Po.
Place name: common place name characters in southern Fujian.
Poa (plain), pit/lake (low potential is low, said the lake does not necessarily have water: many were water in ancient times, no water today.) Flat (slow slope, or small plateau)
Village (village); Lao (temporary tower built huts, such as grass Lao, worker Lao) (Originally referred to as huts, now more "cuo", referring to houses, with the Hakka people called "houses", often the title of the family name before, such as Chen Ci/Chen Chu, referring to the house/house settlement of the Chen family.) Commune (a settlement formed by a tribe offering sacrifices. Taiwan is mostly inhabited by the original Pingpu ethnic group)
A mountain slope, a place like a ladder on a flat surface.
Port (not limited to the size of rivers and streams, mostly for ancient early mooring ships, or as a trading office. There may not be water today. , island (river sand deposit)
Field/Lidang (farm land)
Camp/Shelter/town/Feng/Chong (Chang)/Jin (in Taiwan, most of the father and son Zheng Chenggong deployed the military office)
Gate/entrance (e.g. Luer Gate, where Zheng Chenggong appeared on stage, is a Haikou)
Station: Station. Postmaster (station), postmaster (driver), postmaster (stationmaster). Hakka, Japanese and Korean are also used as ancient languages.
3. In Mandarin, it is called "tired". "The Book of Songs. Xiaowan" : "Not born with you" (don't tire your parents). (Refer to Chen Guanxue's Advanced Standard Taiwanese Dictionary)
Cold/Cold: Mandarin mixed. Japanese and Korean also retain this usage. The environment is natural to me, such as the weather, called cold, such as "winter will be cold";
Describe the temperature of the object, called cold, such as "cold frost", "cold feet and hands."
Heat/burn: Ibid. The weather is hot, the water is boiling.
Delicate: greasy, sound with "two". Be careful, too. Such as, delicate line (careful walk hey).
Body: Min language says that "pregnancy" is "body", and the word "body" in the oracle bone inscriptions is to draw a person has something in the abdomen.
Utensils: Taking cooking utensils as an example, what was called "kettle" in ancient times was called "pot" in northern people and official discourse areas, "wok" in Cantonese and Hakka, and "ding" in Fujian. The use of "ding" as "cauldron" in Min preserves at least one usage that can be understood in the Western Han Dynasty. Ding Bangxin. "A Study on the History of Chinese Dialects and Regional Dialects." Ding Bangxin's Linguistic Essays (Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1998), 203-206.
Chopsticks: Ti, Tu. Chopsticks. Japanese Kanji same.
Shirt: Clothes also. Those who wear from the top to the bottom, whether or not they are on the lower body, must be called shirts. Such as long gown (long gown).
Very high/stoop /...... All are called "loko". loko (a horse that makes people jump when riding), Loko (seen in Han Yu's "Mountain Stone" poem, which is common in Penghu, Taiwan, and today's most phonetic word is Lao Gu Stone), Loko (mud bar).
Millet: Porridge also, mud appearance can also be called it. Such as Jin Hui Emperor: "Why not eat minced meat?" Loam is very good.
"Bad" : Mandarin is all mixed up as "bad"
lam Yang go), Putonghua as "rotten", full of appearance, allude to poor quality, and even may be parallel goods, such as the idiom "there is no number", the TV is excessive (this TV is not good quality);
"luan" means corrupt appearance. Like tofu rotten.
Cunning: The child (囝) is cunning. The child is very disobedient, untaught and naughty.
悾/悾悾 : Empty mind, fool. The Analects of Confucius said: "Crazy but not straight, dong but unwilling, 悾悾 but not believe, I do not know."
Zhan: Wet. The Book of Songs. Zhaonan "Zhan Zhan Lu"
Inverted word:
Secondly, such as "clothes and trousers", "people and guests", "taking money", "sleeping bed", "lean meat", "boiling water" and so on are all words since the Tang and Song dynasties (Middle Chinese era). [Clothes, people, boiling water, also seen in Cantonese]
Some forms of words in Hokkien are the opposite of modern Chinese, but the same as in ancient Chinese, such as "mother duck", "Fengtai", "Renke", "kintang" and "pastern".
The gender of animals and the Yin and Yang of things, with "male/female" table two, such as chicken, dog.
The source and derivative of the table are indicated by "mother/son" : such as Qian mother (mother money also, that is, the capital), Qian zi 囝 (interest). Shares (capital), shares (囝).
Others: Habitus, without design, Qiuyu, stooping, hot, tongji, strength, discard, back, order first, first (dai on the voice), plug nose, inch, fakes, green red light (traffic light), plate mold, gastrointestinal, slow and, head before, long, out, in the heart, add, feed, decline, vegetables, delay, convenience, edge, fortune, forward, Shao jie (introduced, all people use), Smelly acid, Gu mill (today Taiwan more commonly written as turtle hair), scared/scared (scared of ancient sounds with), midnight, cloth sail/cloth peng, mignon (mignon for the night),
Verb:
Feeling: Guess also. The Analects of Confucius said, "No, no, no, no, no."
Falling: The movement of leaving the vehicle, the traffic line, and going down is called "falling". Get off the car (get off), get off the car (get off the car); Descending (downhill); Setting down a mountain (downhill); Get off the highway (get off the highway). Cantonese, Japanese and Korean also show this Chinese character meaning.
Zai: Kill Ya. Oral English is very useful. Slaughter pigs, slaughter people.
Discretion: careful, calculating, deep concern and concentration. Think more, ie pay more attention, think more and concentrate more.
Familiar: know also. Note sai. For example, are you familiar with Wang Sheng? Do you know Mr. Wang?
Dou: Gather also. Two people go together.
Qi: Stand up, such as penguin (goose standing up), Qi Bi (prostitute), Qi up (standing up.) , sound khia.
Line, walk: Japanese and Korean also left this Chinese character expression.
Line: today's Mandarin "go", the ancient "go" also. Such as Mandarin walking, the Min language is called "Xinglu" (travel on the road),
Walk: hurry also, that is, "run" in Mandarin, and "walk" in ancient Chinese. The "walk" in Min language literally means "running on the road", and has the meaning of "escape" and "escape". Like a rage.
Bi Bi 惙 (pull) : tremble with fear. Japanese and Korean also show this Chinese character "bi" to express the meaning of slight trembling and numbness.
Walking slowly: The left foot and right foot, walking slowly to walk or play without purpose. Such as Xiao Ming walking slowly in the park.
Noun verb or adjective: sky light (dawn), car to come (with the car to come), spring water (spray water).
W: Water. For example, woshui (watering), Wohua (watering flowers).
Adverb/auxiliary verb/other:
All: the pronunciation is the same as "pig" or "Zhu", "Zhi" also. The medicine has been added to it.
If:
It is the same as "if". If you walk, you walk and run. The sound na.
how also (kind of English how), pass "so". What is it? (How big), if (how much?) There are Goa, Noa, Na and so on. Can also pass "if" also.
Sincere/true:
Sincerity in the ancient text is not uncommon, can also be "into", Cheng Da also (really big ah)
Nouns or nominalized adjectives are often "true". So red, so white, so manly.
On/to/big, in ancient Chinese table "the most", "extreme", "irreplaceable" meaning. Such as Confucius, Lao Zi, Sakyamuni titles: Most holy, holy, Great Saint. The Min language is used every day.
Above + adjective:. As good as above (best); Upper Da (largest), Upper Han (coldest). Chiah (pronunciation: Chiah) + adjectives: e.g. : very good (so good), very big (so big); To cold (so cold).
Big + Adjectives: such as: big hate head (super ignorant), big pig head (super stupid), great good.
Oh, yes. When Mandarin is right or wrong, the Min language is called "Zhu", which means that it is said and spoken correctly. Such as, also (yes). The "right" in Min language is relative, according to the original intention. For example, for the prize, start with the opposite (start from this).
To get, to get, to get; Those who get, take also. Hit the back wall (hit the back).
Press: According to also. According to the beginning of the calculation (starting from this), according to the criminal law (according to the law, the Taiwan legal circle commonly used.) .
What do you think? / Aal/Aal: That's it. Yan/an, equivalent to the English how.
"Mencius. King Hui of Liang" : "One's heart is one's ear" (one's heart is just that).
What are you saying? Speak (words are not spoken in this way).
It can be added before an adjective to reinforce:
The watermelon is big (This watermelon is really big)
The (tsit) 囝 kid is brave (the boy is so brave)
This usage is very close to the use of the word "you" in the Book of Songs:
"Zhou Nan. Peach Yao" : Peach Yao, there is 蕡 actually. (There is 蕡= really big)
"Xiao Ya. Bai Hua" : There is a flat Si stone, the humble Xi. (Flat = true flat)
Add:
kha+ adjectives: e.g. "To add less" means "to become less"
"Mencius. King Hui of Liang" : "If the people of neighboring countries do not increase, and the people of few people do not increase, what is it?"
Wang Anshi "Tour of Baochen Mountain" : "Cover to the top, than the good traveler is still not eleven, but look at its left and right, and remember has less, cover it deep, then its to add less."
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interrogative
what:
What: What do you say? Two words appear together (Fujian and Taiwan films)
What: To what "sh", Hokkien more written "what", after the noun can be added. For example, what person (who), what (what). A word (Tai) of... . The colloquial language of Fujian and Taiwan films often uses "very" to express what.
What do you think? "What Am I" (Chao Qiong Film)
Base: Ti or Toe, To, Te. "Bottom" (Ho, Chao Qiong film), bottom thing (Ti Tai, what).
how to: Ann (how) how + verb.
how + adj. If (how big, how big), if (how much, how much/ how many)
when: when is the bottom time?
who: Very people (can be connected), bottom people (Chaoqiong film)
where: base, base.
which: base one + noun
The Minnan language is deeply influenced by the Dong - Tai language family. Since ancient Fujian, Guangdong and other places are the Yue nationality, the ancient Henan language used by the people in the northern Henan region (Central Plains) after migrating south was influenced by many ancient Guangdong and Fujian languages. Modern studies have shown that the TAI-KADAI language family is also closely related to the original Chinese-Tibetan language family and the ancient Chinese language. The Dong-Tai language family includes the Dong, Zhuang, and Dai in China, as well as Thai in Southeast Asia and Chanbang in Myanmar. Usually, only the languages belonging to the same language family have a common core lexicon - such as the earth, the sun and the moon, the heart, the liver and the hands and feet, such as real and innate objects; The same words between different language families are often borrowed from one side to the other, new things introduced by trade or abstract concepts introduced by cultural exchange. However, the Hokkien language has so many non-Chinese words that it even includes some core words. The most obvious example is "meat", pronounced [bah] in Hokkien. Chinese Hokkien speakers in Malaysia spell Bak Kut Teh as bak-kut-teh.
In fact, the Hokkien word for "meat" has a second pronunciation, the spoken word is [bah], but the written word is [jiok]. Wen reading represents the pronunciation of the official language of the dynasty after it was introduced into the dialect, and the Fujian dialect "meat" wen reading [jiok] just represents the pronunciation of the Middle Chinese "meat". "Meat" in the Middle Chinese such as "Guangyun" is the Japanese character, "the three into tong", IPA[?juk~?juk] (modern Beijing /rou/, Cantonese /yuk/). Japanese character [?~?] In any case, it cannot be [b-] in ancient Chinese. The actual spoken pronunciation of the meat character is [hiak8], which exists in Quanzhou urban area, most areas of Jinjiang and Shishi, Nan 'an and other places are pronounced as [hik8], so [bah] although it refers to "meat", it is not actually the pronunciation of "meat". In other Minnan areas, the colloquial pronunciation of "meat" has been replaced by the southern minority [bah], and there is no known pronunciation of [hiak8].
Try to compare the non-Chinese "meat" in South China and Southeast Asia
Tai-kadai (Dong Tai) : Zhuang Zhuang Tuzhou: b[¬]k,
Tianet, Debao and Jingxi of Zhuang Guangxi: ba:i, ma:i, w*
Tai (Thai) : -Lue: m[a()n, Sui: man (oil), Li: mam*
Austronesian: Indonesia (Indonesian) : ge-muk (fat) [root muk]
The pronunciation of "meat" in the Dong, Thai, and Indonesian languages is closer to the colloquial "meat" [bah] in Hokkien. Apparently, the word "meat" was borrowed from the Minnan dialect of ethnic minorities in the south. The core word "meat" is also borrowed from foreign languages, which shows that the relationship between Fujian and the southern minority languages is very deep.
Ancient Southeast Asian loanwords
The people of southern Fujian live in the sea outlet of China, and the communication with the outside world is far ahead of other regions. The Hokkien have very close communication with overseas, especially with Southeast Asia. Accordingly, the Hokkien language naturally has quite a number of Southeast Asian loanwords. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Quanzhou developed into the largest port in the East, and the starting point of the ancient Maritime Silk Road was Quanzhou. Since then, the southern Fujian area has had more frequent contacts with the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Overseas Chinese brought foreign languages to Fujian. As time went by, some foreign words entered Minnan and became a part of Minnan. Examples include sat-bun (soap, Sherry, Hokkien itself called "tea hoop"), pa-sat (Bata), chi-ku-la? t (chocolate), chu-lu? t (cigar), phia? t-a (saucer), T-ng-kat (crutch), si? p-pan-a (Iron hand), ba? k-thau (trademark), au-sai (out side), te? k-si (taxi, now pronounced "taxi" in Hokkien in Taiwan), pa-s (bus, bus, the trend of saying "bus" for daily transportation of public buses in Taiwan), ma-tih (death), g? -kha-k? ka-po? K/ka - Po? - mi (Kapok), ko-pi (coffee).
Modern Southeast Asian loan words
The international academic community refers to Indonesian, Malaysian, and the modern Malay languages of Brunei and Singapore
Malay
. The loan words of southern Fujian dialect can also prove that the people of southern Fujian have made valuable contributions to promoting the cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia and Malaysia.
Chinese loanwords in Indonesian and Malay are mainly Minnan dialect loanwords
Table (1) in the Malay dictionary
Chinese loanwords
Other dictionaries that indicate Chinese loanwords are the total of Chinese loanwords
Indonesian Popular Dictionary 155 89 244
Modern Dictionary of Indonesian 99 28 127
Indonesian Dictionary 94 43 137
Indonesian Dictionary 17 66 83
Jakarta Dialect Dictionary 29 105 134
Malaysian Devan Dictionary 158 103 261
Dictionary of Modern Malay (MCA Double Solution) 464 0 464
Malay - English Dictionary 305 34 339
It can be seen from Table (1) that there are a large number of Chinese loanwords in Malay.
Table (2) in the Malay dictionary
Loanwords in southern Fujian dialect
The proportion of Chinese loanwords borrowed from Minnan Dialect in the dictionary
Eight dictionaries 511 456 89.2%
Indonesian Popular Dictionary 244 218 89.3%
Malaysian Devan Dictionary 261 231 88.5%
The Chinese loanword referred to in the Chinese dictionary means that at least one of the eight dictionaries indicates that it is a Chinese loanword.
From eight Malay dictionaries, 511 Chinese loanwords were found, of which at least 456 were loanwords from southern Fujian dialect, accounting for 89.2% of all Chinese loanwords.
If you add up the Chinese loanwords in Indonesian and Malay newspapers, literary works and dictionaries, there are at least 1,046. Table (3)
Statistics of loanwords of Chinese dialects in Indonesian and Malay
The proportion of dialect names
Loanwords in Chaozhou dialect 3 0.3%
Loanwords of Minnan dialect 952 91%
The loanwords of Guangfu (Guangzhou) dialect 8 0.8%
Loanwords in Hakka dialect 8 0.8%
The loanwords of both Guangfu dialect and Hakka dialect are 4 0.3%
Undetermined loanwords in Chinese dialects 71 6.8%
Total 1046 100%
Why does the Hokkien dialect account for the majority of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian and Malay dictionaries? There are historical, social and other reasons for this. In recent centuries, the overseas Chinese and Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia have accounted for a considerable number of Hokkien. After the Yuan Dynasty, more and more Fujianese went to Indonesia and Malaysia. According to Zhou Zhizhong's book
Allography
According to the report, during the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese maritime merchants went to Java "in constant flow". In the Ming Dynasty, more Minnan people went to sea. Xu Fuyuan's "Dredging the Sea" points out: "... See the southeast coastal land, to sell the sea for a living, it has been a long time, and Fujian is even more. Fujian Fu, Xing, Quan, Zhangzhou (Fuzhou, Putian, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Fujian), with the sea. Field is not enough tillage, not the city can not help clothes and food, its people Tian waves and light life and death, also its habit, and Zhangwei. ... However, the people's mood is getting better, like water going to the sink, it is very easy to decide, but very difficult to stop." Zhang and Quan escaped, deposing goods." This reflects the historical situation that there are more mountains and less land in Fujian and that Fujian people go to sea to make a living.
The most serious period of population outflow in southern Fujian was in the Qing Dynasty. The failure of peasant uprising is one of the important reasons. In the 1770s, Gao Qizhuo, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, wrote to Emperor Yongzheng: "About 67 of the people who went abroad were from Fujian Province, and about 34 of the people from Guangdong and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces." After the Opium War, China was reduced to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial state. A large number of bankrupt peasants and the urban poor, unable to make a living, were forced to travel across the ocean to make a living. The number of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia has risen sharply.
Modern Japanese loanwords
Culturally, the Japanese and the Heluo people have a lot in common, and the exchanges between the two places are extremely close. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, Heluo people (ancient Henan people) had vigorously colonized Japan, and modern Taiwan was colonized by Japan, so the two languages have borrowed words from each other. Most of the Japanese loanwords in Hokkien were abandoned during the "de-Japanization" movement after World War II, and few remain today, but some are still very vibrant, such as bento, ancient car, Asari, Machi, Nobu, flying machine, and bar turtle. Many people think that these words are only used on the island of Taiwan, but in fact, with the integration of Heluo culture, these words have long been active in the Heluo population.
Modern English loanwords
English is the world's lingua franca, and there are a lot of English loanwords in Hokkien, such as outside, boycott, and Sikou.
In addition to loanwords, there is a rather special kind of multilingual fusion words in the Hokkien vocabulary. Most of them are mixed with Mandarin, Japanese and Hakka. Such as tooth hair, LKK, Ada, ATO, no food, etc.
It is worth mentioning that the borrowing of words is often mutual, Japanese, Southeast Asian languages have a large number of Hokkien loan words, the national language in Wahi, struggle, first day, lao KO KO (refers to the old meaning, usually refers to the elderly, in describing the age of people more used), head bad, predatory, ATO, even, Su Bu su, etc., are also made in Taiwan. The pronunciation of Tea in English is similar to that in Hokkien. Many borrowed words were borrowed multiple times, such as Severn, Hokkien from Indonesian, and Indonesian from French. Many loanwords, because they have been used for a long time, have been difficult to detect their foreign identity, such as said to borrow from indigenous languages, hand in hand, etc.
Since the Hokkien language retains many ancient sounds, and the Chinese characters of Japanese are mostly introduced from China during the Southern Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, there are many Chinese characters with similar sounds. For example, the word "world" is pronounced se-kai in Hokkien and セカイ (sekai) in Japanese.
In addition, because Taiwan was under Japanese rule for half a century (1895-1945), many of Taiwan's colloquial Hokkien words are derived from Japanese words, such as o· -ba-sang (おばさん, middle-aged or elderly female), o· -ji-sang (おじさん, Older men) from Hokkien (not from Japanese); There are also cases in which Japanese and Chinese words are pronounced in Hokkien pronunciation, such as: "Zhuwen" (meaning to place an order), "send payment" (meaning to donate), "out Zhang" (meaning to travel), "waterway water" (meaning tap water), etc.
Japanese also has loan words from Hokkien:
ビーフン rice noodle bi-hun
レンブ lian Mu (オオフトモモ) lian-b (like)
サバヒー Louse sole (and name) sat-ba̍ k-hi
レンヒー silver carp (alias for レンギョ)
ヌンチャク two (sticks) nn̄g-chat
タンキー Tongji tang-ki (Taoist shaman)
Adding day 迌tshit-tho (playing)
koo-tsui (cute)
Dinnerless ghost iau-kui (greedy food)
bo-thau-sin (Headless fly)
"Frost is coming, and the weather is coming (slowly) cold." Go out in the morning, go to the alley, wear two long shirts, still feel a little cold. Thinking of the time of the fine Han (as a child), day by day (every day) listening to the knock (and) the sound of collecting junk (voice). 'Do you have to sell wine waste (bottles)? Broken shallow drag (slippers), broken face bucket (basin) sold? 'Oyster, oyster, rainbow oyster! "' Malt cream, eat cough (eat to cure cough) ah! '"
[2]
The daily expressions of the Hokkien language record the Hokkien culture
Fujian culture can be broadly divided into
Qingshan culture
and
Marine culture
. Although the culture of southern Fujian also has the Qingshan culture, it seems to be dominated by the ocean culture. The Minnan dialect vocabulary is the symbol of recording the Minnan culture and the crystallization of the Minnan culture. Here are a few examples:
overshoot
In southern Fujian Province, due to the large number of people and less land, it is said that there are eight mountains, one water and one field, so in order to make a living, many people go abroad to make a living. "Overpan" means to go abroad. Why do you call "going abroad" "over time"? To answer this question, it is necessary to research the word "fan". "Fan" is a combination pictogram, the original meaning of animal foot. The beast's foot is trampled once for "a time". In addition, it is also the ancient word of "Fan", the nine states outside called "Pan country" and "foreign country", probably because of the abundant water and grass in the outer regions, the wild animals haunt them, and the reason why few people live. Due to the "over-fan" has produced a series of words related to it, such as: "do big characters" (passport), Fanke (overseas guest), Fanpo (foreign wife), fan 囝 (foreigners). Many things that come in from foreign countries also have the word "fan" attached to them. For example: sweet potato (sweet potato), muslin (foreign flour), muslin (match), tomato (tomato), muslin (sorghum) and so on. Nowadays, southern Fujian has become a famous hometown of overseas Chinese in China. Overseas Chinese spread all over the five continents of the world, and have made great contributions to the construction of their hometown.
Straw shoeing
It is the custom of overseas Chinese hometown in Quanzhou, Minnan, also known as "washing dust". It means that relatives return from overseas, long journey, need to take off the grass sandals, wash the dust. In fact, returned overseas Chinese wear leather shoes, which is the meaning of the spring people to travel more than grass shoes. Relatives and friends who come to wash the dust, or send pig legs, or send meat packets, or send chickens and ducks and wine. The newlyweds send a banquet to show their respect. After the foreign guests received the gift, they returned with thread balls, needles, cloth, umbrellas, hand towels, soap, soap, powder, etc., and also sent a letter of foreign silver, called "sending the guest things."
Forward water
It is the custom of overseas Chinese hometown in Quanzhou, Minnan, also called send-off. In the past, people went abroad by sailing boat, relying on wind power, and later they changed to ships and planes, but they still use this name. Overseas Chinese return abroad, relatives and friends give local products, such as divine music, tea cakes, daffodils, etc., and hold a banquet, called "send the wind table", if there are fish on the banquet, do not turn over the reverse side after eating, such as turning over, is the boat, bad luck, this is called send the wind, I wish him to the wind boat, safely arrived abroad. When an overseas visitor arrives at the place where he is located, he sends a letter to express his gratitude and is called a letter of inquiry.
Luoyang Bridge
: It is Quanzhou Licheng District (now Luojiang District) and
Hui 'an County
There is a bridge on the Luoyang River at the border, with a total length of 360 zhangs and a width of 1.5 zhangs, with 46 piers. It is a huge project and grand style. It is the first large stone bridge at the harbor in China, also known as Wan 'an Bridge. According to legend, when CAI Xiang's mother Huai CAI Xiang was crossing the river by boat in the Song Dynasty, a storm suddenly arose and the ship would sink. On the occasion of despair, it seemed to hear the heaven cry from the sky: "Bachelor CAI is here, the water ghost must not be disrespectful!" There was a sudden calm. CAI mother prayed to heaven that if he really gave birth to a boy in the future and grew up to live in the bachelor, he must be told to build a bridge here to save pedestrians from the risk of crossing. And so it went. CAI Xiang returned to Quanzhou as his mother's wish and built the bridge.
In addition, we can also understand the religious culture of the southern Fujian dialect area through the words "fire, buk flag, blunderbuss, children, food worship, and master". Through the words "making fields, palladium fields, sowing fields, making water, fertilizing, picking grass, cutting crops, exposed millet, drum millet, hoe" and so on, we can understand the farming culture in southern Fujian dialect area; Through the words "Gaojia opera, Gezi opera, Nanyin, puppet, draw line puppet", we can understand the opera culture of Minnan dialect area.
Many Chinese dialects have the phenomenon of textual disambiguation (or textual disambiguation), but it is far less rich than that of Hokkien. Luo Changpei, a linguist, once made a rough statistics in Xiamen Dialect Research, of the 3,758 Chinese characters listed in the Dialect Survey Word Table, 1,529 had disambiguations, accounting for more than 40.6%. In the reading of Chinese characters, the vast majority of the text is read white, and about 90% of the above 40% belong to it. The rest are read in a variety of ways.
Example numbers (1 ~ 10) are pronounced as after: (Note: white reading "one" Some scholars believe that "Shu" is a correct character; "Eight" is Quan Zhangqiang; The text reads "two" for some areas lost j- initials).
|
hanzi
|
one
|
two
|
three
|
four
|
five
|
six
|
seven
|
eight
|
nine
|
ten
|
|
Text reading
|
it
|
L: and
|
sam
|
su
|
Ng, not
|
liok
|
chhit
|
pat
|
kiu
|
sip
|
|
Read in vain
|
chit
|
nng
|
sann
|
si
|
G not
|
lak
|
-
|
pueh
|
káu
|
chap
|
The word "one" is pronounced as "Shu" (only), while the word "two" is pronounced as "two", and the word "ten" is pronounced as "miscellaneous" (such as assorted/Shijin, i.e. "miscellaneous").
The use of text reading or free reading depends on the occasion. For example, numeric white reading is mostly used in counting, and when ordinals, telephone numbers, license plate numbers, etc., do not need to be coded, text reading is used. Another example is that the word "cheng" has multiple characters: seng in "success" and sia in "several percent". "Do" (become) read chia? "Start a family" read chhia? Cannot be confused. Another example is "driving", driving "driving" license mostly read the text, and "driving" car but read more voice.
Some words are read in text and read in white to distinguish different meanings. For example, the text pronunciation of "adult" t-i-jin is a salutation for someone else, and the white pronunciation t-lang refers to an adult. For non-native speakers, it is extremely difficult to read Hokkien, so the pronunciation of words should be the main thing in learning, and the pronunciation of Chinese characters should not be memorized separately
Zhejiang Minnan speaking area
With the strengthening of the awareness of mother tongue protection and the promotion and development of southern Fujian culture, Xiamen TV and Quanzhou TV Station have set up four TV stations mainly in southern Fujian. In addition to its own programs, it has also introduced many Taiwanese Hokkien TV dramas. In rural areas, indigenous dramas (such as Gezi Opera,
Gaojia Opera
,
Cloth bag show
,
Southern accent
Etc.) is still popular with the public.
The vast majority of Shanwei speaks Chinese dialects. Chinese is divided into Fukui dialect, Hakka dialect, vernacular (Cantonese), Zhanmi dialect, Jun dialect, northern dialect and so on. Fu Luo dialect is mainly distributed in Shanwei city, Haifeng and most areas of Lufeng, with a population of about 2.65 million. According to its phonetic characteristics, it can be divided into 8 tone pieces and 7 tone pieces, respectively represented by Haicheng dialect and Donghai dialect.
In the early period of the Kuomintang government in Taiwan, due to the promotion of the national language (Mandarin) by the Kuomintang government, Hokkien declined in Taiwan for a period of time, and people who spoke Hokkien were called "Hong Kong people" and "Taiwan tourists". After the Democratic Progressive Party government came to power, it vigorously promoted activities such as "local culture", "love the hometown", "love Taiwan", and "Taiwan people speak Taiwanese". As a result, Hokkien has become a popular and powerful language again in Taiwan, and "Taiwanese guest" has become a representative of popular culture. Speaking Hokkien has become a fashion trend from Local dialect. Many local people, such as people from other provinces and Hakka (such as Hugua), are also trying to learn Hokkien.
Chaoshan area
[1]
The mother tongue"
Teochew
"The preservation is relatively good. In addition to speaking Mandarin at school and in communication with outsiders, local people still speak Teochew in daily life, work and business.
Formal occasions are dominated by English, Southeast Asian Hokkien is heavily influenced by English and Malay, private occasions, usually Singaporeans speak Hokkien occasionally mixed with English and Malay, but there are also many Malays, Indians are familiar with Hokkien.
-
Brunei: The Chinese population is 45,800, mostly ethnic Hokkien. The capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Quanzhou dialect of Fujian.
-
Myanmar: Chinese population about 900,000, Minnan about 40%, Hainanese 3%. Zhangzhou sound Fujian language.
-
Indonesia: Chinese population of 6 million, Fujian more than half, Hainanese and Teochew slightly less. Zhangzhou pronunciation and Quanzhou pronunciation of Hokkien, sound close to Malaysia's northern Hokkien.
-
Malaysia: The Chinese population is close to 6 million, the Hokkien population is 2 million, and the population of Teochew and Hainanese people ranks fourth and fifth in all groups. Zhangzhou and Chaoshan dialects are prevalent in northern Fujian dialect, Quanzhou and Chaozhou dialects are common in Central and Southern Malaysia, Hainan dialects are common in Southern Malaysia and parts of the east coast, and Quanzhou dialects are common in eastern Malaysia.
-
Philippines: The Chinese population is about one million people, 90% of whom are Hokkien, most of whom are from Quanzhou Jinjiang . Quanzhou sound Min Nan language.
-
Singapore: Chinese population of more than 3 million, Southern Fujian people (Zhangzhou, Quanzhou) about 1 million, Chaoshan about 500,000 people. [3]
-
Thailand: Chinese population approaching 6 million, Teochew people More than 40 percent, Hainanese 18 percent, Minnan 16 percent. Spoken Teochew Hokkien. Only Phuket Island and parts of southern Thailand, Zhangzhou sound Minnan language.
-
Vietnam: Nearly one million Chinese, Teochew people 34%, Southern Fujian people 6%, Hainanese 2%, a total of 42%. Go through Chaozhou Sounds Hokkien.
Hong Kong
The year 2004
The total population of 6.854 million, Fujian nationality (mostly
Southern Fujian people
About 1.6 million, or about 20% of Hong Kong's population. Affected by the local language, most of the people who can speak Minnan are older than 50 years old. Some middle-aged people still speak Cantonese with a lot of Hokkien accent. The younger generation, because they only use Cantonese in education, broadcasting and government institutions, generally change their language as Hokkien people marry other ethnic groups
Hong Kong Cantonese
.
