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Marie Curie (November 7, 1867 - July 4, 1934) was born
Warsaw
Known as "Madame Curie", her full name is Maria Sk? odowska Curie,
France
eminence
Poland
Scientists of American descent,
physicist
,
Chemist
.
In 1903, the Curies and
Becquerel
Due to...
radioactivity
The research while jointly obtained
Nobel Prize in Physics
[1]
In 1911, for the discovery of the element
polonium
and
radium
reacquire
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
[2]
Thus becoming the world's first double winner
Nobel Prize
The people of Marie Curie's achievements include the creation of the theory of radioactivity and the invention of the isolation of radioactivity
isotope
Technology, discovery of two new elements polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people for the first time will
radioisotope
For treatment
cancer
. Due to prolonged exposure
Radioactive material
Curie died on July 4, 1934 due to aplastic disease
Pernicious anemia
Died.
[3]
- Chinese name
- Marie Curie
- Foreign name
- Marie Sk? odowska Curie
- alias
- Marie Skwodowska; Madame Curie
- nationality
- France
- Ethnic group
- Descendants of Poland
- Date of birth
- November 7, 1867
- Date of death
- July 4th, 1934 [3]
- Graduate School
- Sorbonne University (Bachelor) , University of Paris (Master/Doctor)
- Representative works
- Monographs on Radioactivity , Research on radioactive Substances (Doctoral thesis)
- Major achievement
- discovered Radioactive element radium and polonium
- Major achievement
-
Measured some radioactive elements
Half-life period
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911
10 prizes, 16 MEDALS, 104 honorary titles - Have faith in
- science
- husband
- Pierre Curie
- constellation
- Scorpio
- gender
- female
catalogue
The Curies
In September 1891, he went to Paris to study, and in November he entered the University of Salburn
(i.e.
University of Paris
)
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science.
In April 1894, through the introduction of Polish scholar and physics professor Joseph Kowalski of the University of Foliburg, Switzerland, and
Pierre Curie
Get acquainted with the better equipped laboratories in order to take advantage of Curie's leadership.
Marie Curie at the age of 16
On July 26, 1895, Marie married Pierre Curie in the Paris suburb of Ceau. Marie Curie was a high school teacher for girls.
In August 1896, Mary passed the examination for the title of university graduate teacher. With the support of Schutzenberg (1827-1897), the director of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Marie obtained a position in the physics laboratory of the school, working with Pierre (head of the department).
Madame Curie
In December 1898, the Curies and their colleagues Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences "On the pitchblende contains a new material with strong radioactivity", indicating that a new element 88 was found, radioactive more than a million times stronger than uranium, named
radium
(Radium). Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium, in Polish
Warsaw
Published in Sviatro Pictorial monthly magazine.
In March 1900, Marie began teaching physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure de Sevier, southwest of Paris. Mary's paper "On the Atomic Weight of radioactive barium compounds". The Curies presented their paper "On New Radioactive Substances and their Emission Lines" at the International Physical Society in Paris.
In October 1900, two German scholars, Warkov and Gieser, claimed that radium had a strange effect on biological tissue. The Curies later proved that radium rays burn the skin.
In 1902, after three years and nine months of refining, the Curies isolated trace amounts (one deciggram) from tons of residue.
Radium chloride
RaCl
2
The atomic weight of radium was measured to be 225, and the exact number was later determined to be 226.
The Curies are in the lab
In 1908, he wrote a preface to the Collection of Works of Pierre Curie, which recounts the author's achievements. The book was commissioned by the French Physical Society
Langevin
Editor, published in Paris. Promotion to professor.
In 1911, it was obtained by isolating pure metal radium
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
. The same year, participated in
Brussels
The first one held
Solvay conference
.
Madame Curie participated in the first Solvay Conference
In 1915, he moved from the Physics Laboratory of Solburn University to the Radiology Laboratory of the Radium Institute. Traveling around the country and abroad, guiding 18 battlefield medical service teams.
In 1916, a crash course in radiation was set up at the Radium Institute for hygienists to teach doctors new ways to locate foreign objects (such as shrapnel) in the human body
The Entente countries
The military approves.
In 1921, based on wartime notes, he wrote Radiology and War, published in Paris.
On March 8, 1921, he received China
Peking University
rector
CAI Yuanpei
. CAI visited Paris on his way abroad and invited Madame Curie to give lectures at Peking University. Answer: "This can not go, should be planned in the future summer vacation." It never happened.
[4]
In May 1921, mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States to receive a gram of radium from the United States Marie Curie Radium Fund fundraising Committee "Marie Curie Committee". The gift ceremony was held on the 20th
Washington
The White House
Hosted by the President of the United States. to
Philadelphia
To receive five centigrams of neothorium; She gave it to her original piezoelectric quartz meter
American philosophical society
. The paper "On Isotopes and Isotopic Elements" was published in Paris.
Madame Curie and her friend Albert Einstein
May 1922
World War I
postestablished
League of nations
The Secretary-General, Sir Eric Drummond, was invited by decision of the International Council to participate in the Committee on International Cultural Cooperation established in the previous year. He was elected deputy Chairman. To that end, go often
Geneva
Attend meetings.
signature
1934, book "Radioactivity"
(Two volumes)
Written, published in 1935.
The Joliot Curies
Under the guidance of Madame Curie, artificial radioactivity was discovered.
Madame Curie in her later years
Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867
Kingdom of Poland
Warsaw
City a middle school teacher's family. His father, Vladislav Skorodovsky, was a secondary school mathematics teacher, and his mother, Bronislova Bokuska Skorodovska, was the head of a girls' boarding school. Her younger name is Maria Skorodowska. Her family's love for her is called "Manya". Maria was the fifth, with three sisters, Sophie, Bronischlavas, Helena, and her brother Joseph.
Mary befriended a lecturer at the Sorbonne,
Pierre Curie
Who would later be her husband. The two of them often do it together
Radioactive material
The study takes tons of industrial waste slag because the total radioactivity of this ore is greater than what it contains
uranium
More radioactive than that. In 1898, the Curies proposed a logical deduction for this phenomenon: the pitchblende ore must contain some unknown radioactive component, whose radioactivity is far greater than that of uranium. On December 26, Curie published her idea of the existence of this new substance.
The Curies in 1903
In the years that followed, the Curies continued to refine the radioactive components of pitchblende ore. After unremitting efforts, they finally succeeded in separating
Radium chloride
And discovered two new chemical elements:
polonium
(Po) and
radium
(Ra). For their discovery and research on radioactivity, the Curies and Henri Becquerel jointly obtained the 1903
Nobel Prize in Physics
Madame Curie thus became the first person in history to win
Nobel Prize
Of the women. Eight years later, in 1911, Madame Curie obtained it for successfully isolating the element radium
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
. Unexpectedly, after Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize, she did not patent the process of refining pure radium, but made it public, which effectively promoted it
radiochemistry
The development of... A student of Madame Curie and her husband in her later years
Paul Langevin
There was an affair, an affair that was all over France. In the November 4, 1911, headline of the Paris Press, "A Love Story: Madame Curie and Professor Langevin," it was rumored that Langevin and Madame Curie had close contacts while Pierre was still alive.
Einstein
His view of the matter was that if they were in love, no one would care, and he wrote a letter to Madame Curie on November 23, 1911, to comfort her.
in
World War I
During the period, Madame Curie advocated the use of radiology to save the wounded and promoted the application of radiology in the medical field. Later, in 1921, she traveled to the United States to raise money for radiology research. Marie Curie was killed in France on July 4, 1934, due to excessive exposure to radioactive material
Haute-Savoie
Died. After this, her eldest daughter
Irena Joliot - Curie
He was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Her little girl
Evie Curie
After her mother died, she wrote"
Madame Curie
". In the 1990s
inflation
Madame Curie's face has appeared on currency and stamps in Poland and France. Chemical element
curium
(Cm, 96) was named in honor of the Curies.
[5]
After the death of her husband, Marie Curie's life fell into a glacial state. until
Paul Langevin
Another great and brilliant mind intervened in her life. Langevin loved Marie Curie -- of course, his divorce failed. He also foolishly allowed his wife to get hold of Marie Curie's love letters to him, which were eventually published to the press. At the age of 45, Marie Curie fell into the trough of ruin.
The daughter of Paul Appe, one of Marie Curie's most loyal students and supporters, came into great conflict with her father when she stood before him and said, "If you dare to send her away, I shall never see you again, my father." She had never contradicted her father in all her life, but this was the only thing on which she showed her anger. She made the following clear words for her father and for the future: "If Marie Curie had been a man, none of this would have happened."
Marie Curie in this storm of public opinion, towards the fall of her life. For almost three years her spirit was in a state of collapse, she was crushed by the powerful, vicious, cruel hostility that surrounded her, and had to be admitted to a hospital run by nuns for both physical and psychological treatment.
Eventually she recovered. Strong will and work made her stand up again. After that, she continued to work for 22 years and continued to make great contributions to French and world science.
[6]
Marie Curie
In her experimental research, Marie Curie designed a measuring instrument that could not only measure whether a certain substance had rays, but also measure the strength of the rays. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is proportional to the amount of uranium in a substance, and has nothing to do with the state of uranium and external conditions.
Curie carried out a comprehensive examination of the known chemical elements and all the compounds, and made an important discovery: a chemical called
thorium
The element can also automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon of elements can emit rays is not only a property of uranium, but a common property of some elements. She calls this phenomenon
radioactivity
An element that has this property is called
Radioactive element
. The rays they give off are called"
radiation
".
By the end of 1902, Madame Curie had extracted a tenth of a gram of extremely pure
Radium chloride
And its atomic weight was accurately determined. The existence of radium has since been confirmed. Radium is an extremely difficult to get natural radioactive substance, its body is shiny, like fine salt like white crystals, radium has a slightly blue fluorescence, and it is this beautiful light blue fluorescence, into a woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is associated with any known element
Spectral line
It's all different. Radium was not the first radioactive element discovered, but it was the most radioactive element. By using its strong radioactivity, many new properties of radiation can be further identified. So that many elements can be further applied in practice. Medical research has found that radium rays have very different effects on a variety of different cells and tissues, and those cells that reproduce quickly are soon destroyed by radium irradiation. This discovery made radium a powerful treatment for cancer.
carcinoma
It is made up of cells that multiply exceptionally rapidly, and radium rays damage it far more than the surrounding healthy tissue. The new treatment quickly developed in countries all over the world. In the French Republic, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, and it is of great significance to promote the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.
Nobel Prize
authority
Twitter
A popular science bulletin was issued saying that the notebook used by Marie Curie in her laboratory from 1899 to 1902 was still radioactive and would remain so for 1,500 years. Because some of her books and papers were still highly radioactive, they had to be kept in lead boxes. "It also shows that the scientific legacy of Marie Curie is practically untouchable." The Nobel Prize website calls her "an icon of modern science."
[7]
-
Author name Marie CurieWork time 2017-7
-
Madame Curie is a 2009 book published by the Commercial Press and written by Eve Curie. The book "Madame Curie Biography" reviews the extraordinary life of Madame Curie, a great woman who has influenced the process of the world, mainly describes Madame Curie's quality, her working spirit, and her attitude. The author, Eve Curie, tells the reader in detail that in addition to her mother's excellent achievements in the field of science, she also used her life to deal with the world.
-
|
works
|
time
|
|
On the Chemistry of Radium Rays (with Pierre Curie)
|
The year 1899
|
|
On the Atomic Weight of radioactive Barium
|
The year 1900
|
|
Newly Discovered Radioactive Substances and the Rays they Emit (with Pierre Curie)
|
The year 1900
|
|
Decay Theory of Radioactive Processes
|
The year 1900
|
|
On Radioactive Substances
|
The year 1901
|
|
On the Atomic Weight of Radium
|
1902
|
|
Research on radioactive Substances
|
The year 1903
|
|
On the Nature of Release
|
The year 1910
|
|
Isotopes and Their Composition
|
The year 1921
|
|
Biography of Pierre Curie
|
The year 1924
|
|
Radiology
|
The year 1935
|
(Source
[8]
)
Madame Curie was the first woman in history to win two
Nobel Prize
People, and were awarded Nobel Prizes in two different fields.
[1]
12 December 1898 Genet Prize, Paris Academy of Sciences.
[9]
Certificate when he won the Nobel Prize in 1903 [9]
14 December 1902 Genet Prize, Paris Academy of Sciences.
[9]
The Osilly Prize, 4 January 1904 (awarded by the Paris Newspaper Syndicate, in conjunction with Etua Branley).
[9]
May 6, 1907 Actonian Prize, Royal Society of Science.
Madame Curie's 1911 Nobel Prize certificate.
April 23, 1921 Ellen Richards Research Grant.
[9]
15 March 1924 The Grand Prize of 1923 by the Marquis of Argendey, with a bronze medal, of the Association for the Promotion of French Industry.
[9]
1903 Berthelot Medal (with Pierre Curie).
1903 Medal of Honor of the City of Paris (with Pierre Curie).
Davy Medal, Royal Society, London, 5 November 1903 (with Pierre Curie).
[9]
Matchi Medal, 8 August 1904, of the Italian Scientific Society (with Pierre Curie).
[9]
19 January 1908 Kerman Gold Medal, Leer Industrial Association.
[9]
January 6, 1909 Elliott Krewson Gold Medal, Franklin Institute.
[9]
Albert Medal, Royal Society of Arts, London, 4 July 1910.
[9]
Grand Cross of the Order of Alphonse XII of Spain, 28 April 1919.
[9]
April 13, 1921 John Scott Medal, American Philosophical Society, Adelphia.
[9]
1921 Gold Medal of the National Academy of Social Sciences, New York.
1922 Gold Medal of the American College of Radiology.
1929 New York City Federation of Women's Clubs Medal.
Medal of the American College of Radiology, 16 April 1931.
[9]
1 December 1904 Honorary Member of the Association of Friends of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Moscow Empire.
[9]
9 May 1904 Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Science.
[9]
May 18, 1904 Foreign Member of the Chemical Society of London.
[9]
15 September 1904 Corresponding member of the Batavi Philosophical Society.
[9]
1904 Honorary member of the Mexican Physical Society.
May 4, 1904 Honorary Member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.
[9]
1904 Honorary member of the Committee for the Promotion of Industry and Commerce in Warsaw.
6 November 1906 Corresponding Member of the Argentine Scientific Society.
[9]
25 May 1907 Foreign Member of the Dutch Scientific Society.
[9]
29 January 1908 Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
[9]
10 March 1908 Honorary member of the Brunswickd Society of Natural Sciences.
[9]
March 31, 1909 Corresponding member of the Bologna Society of Natural Sciences.
[9]
1909 Foreign co-member of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts.
September 27, 1909 Honorary officer of the Philadelphia College of Medicine.
[9]
Member of the Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 1909.
Member of the Chilean Academy of Sciences, 19 December 1910.
[9]
April 23, 1910 Member of the American Philosophical Society.
[9]
March 1, 1910 Member of the American Chemical Society.
[9]
1910 Honorary Member of the Physical Society of London.
1911 Honorary Member of the London Society for Psychical Studies.
Foreign corresponding Member of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences, 19 April 1911.
[9]
16 April 1912 Honorary Member of the Belgian Chemical Society.
[9]
12 April 1912 Co-member of the Imperial Academy of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg.
[9]
1912 Full member of the Warsaw Scientific Society.
1912 Honorary member of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Remburg.
1912 Member of the Photographic Society of Warsaw.
1912 Honorary Doctor of Remburg Technical School.
1912 Honorary member of the Werner Scientific Society.
21 May 1913 Special Fellow of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam (Department of Mathematics and Department of Physics).
[9]
15 January 1913 Honorary Member of the Edinburgh Union of Sciences and Arts.
[9]
30 May 1914 Honorary Member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
[9]
Honorary Member, London Institute of Health, 15 April 1914.
[9]
April 22, 1914 Corresponding Fellow, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
[9]
1 April 1918 Honorary Member of the Royal Spanish Society of Medical Electricity and Medical Radiology.
[9]
April 25, 1919 Honorary President of the Royal Spanish Society of Medical Electricity and Medical Radiology.
[9]
5 July 1919 Honorary President of the Radium Institute in Madrid.
[9]
1919 Member of the Polish Chemical Society.
1920 General Fellow of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
May 3, 1921 Doctor, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania.
[9]
1921 Honorary member of the Society of Natural Sciences of Bouvaro.
1921 Honorary member of the Mineralogical Club of New York.
1921 Honorary Member of the American College of Radiology.
1921 Honorary member of the New England Chemistry Teachers Association.
1921 Honorary member of the American Museum of Natural History.
1921 Honorary member of the New Jersey Chemical Society.
1921 Honorary Member of the Industrial Chemical Society.
1921 Member of the Crestianian Academy.
1921 Honorary lifetime Fellow of Knox College of Arts and Sciences.
1921 Honorary member of the Radium Society of America.
1921 Honorary Member of the Norwegian Society of Medical Radiology.
1922 Honorary member of the French League of New York.
1922 Free co-member of the Academy of Medical Sciences, Paris.
1922 Honorary member of the Russian Scientific Group of Belgium.
1923 Honorary Member of the Romanian Society of Medical Mineralogy and Climatology.
1923 Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Edinburgh.
1923 Honorary member of the Czechoslovak Union of Mathematicians and Physics, Prague.
1924 Honorary citizen of Warsaw.
In 1924, his name was inscribed alongside Bast on a building in New York City Hall.
1924 Honorary Doctorate, Polish Chemical Society, Warsaw.
1924 Honorary Doctor of Philosophy, University of Krakow.
1924 Honorary citizen of the city of Riga.
1924 Honorary member of the Athenian Society for Psychical Studies.
1925 Honorary member of the Medical Society of Lublin, Poland.
1926 Ordinary member of the "Pontificia Tiberina" of Maro.
1926 Honorary member of Sao Paulo Chemical Society, Brazil.
1926 Corresponding member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
1926 Honorary member of the Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women's Rights.
1926 Honorary Member of the Pharmaceutical and Chemical Society of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
1926 Honorary Doctorate, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw Technical School.
1927 Honorary Member of the Moscow Academy of Sciences.
1927 Honorary Member of the Bohemian Literary and Scientific Society.
1927 Honorary member of the American Federation of Interstate Medical Graduate Students.
The late Madame Curie in 1934.
1929 Honorary member of the Society of Friends of Science, Poznan, Poland.
Honorary Citizen of Glasgow 1929.
1929 Honorary Fellow of the New York Academy of Medical Sciences.
1929 Honorary member of the Polish American Medical and Dental Association.
1930 Honorary member of the French Association of Inventors and Scholars.
1930 Honorary President of the Association of Inventors and Scholars of France.
1931 Honorary member of the Geneva World Peace Federation.
1931 Honorary member of the American College of Radiology.
1931 Foreign corresponding member of the Faculty of Pure Physics and Natural Sciences, Madrid.
1932 Member of the Royal Academy of Natural Sciences, Halle.
1932 Honorary member of the Warsaw Medical Society.
1932 Honorary Member of the Czech Chemical Society.
1933 Honorary Member of the British Institute of Radiology and the Roentgen Society, London.
[5]
Einstein
"Of all the world's famous people, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame."
[11]
President of the Academy of Sciences Xiaofal: Marie Curie, we salute you as a great scholar, a great woman dedicated to her work and sacrifice for science, a patriot who has always worked with extra responsibility in war and in peace. You are here, we can derive spiritual benefits from you, we thank you; We are proud to have you among us. You are the first French woman to enter the Academy of Sciences, and deservedly so.
[5]
In his tribute to Marie Curie, Einstein said, "The importance of the first class to the course of times and history is perhaps greater in its moral aspect than in its mere intellectual achievements." Even the latter, they depend on character to a far greater extent than is generally supposed."
[12]
