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Francois the First

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Francois the First (French: François I September 12, 1494 - March 31, 1547), France The Valois Dynasty Ninth King (reigned 1515-1547). Usually called before the throne Angouleme Of Francois Francois de Angouleme, also known as Francois the Big Nose (Francois au Grand Nez), Jack The King (le Roi-Chevalier), seen as an enlightened monarch, amorous man and patron of literature and art, was France The most famous and beloved in history King One of them.

During his reign, France reached a high point of cultural prosperity.

Chinese name: Francois the First
Foreign name: François de Angouléme
alias: Francis the First. Francis the First
nationality: France
Ethnic group: French
Date of birth: September 12, 1494

Date of death: March 31, 1547
occupation: King
Place of Birth: Charente district Cognac
Have faith in: Christianity
predecessor: Louis XII
successor: Henry II

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EDITOR

King of France	remark
Francois the First
reign	January 1, 1515 - March 31, 1547
crown	25 January 1515 (age 20)
predecessor	Louis XII
Succeed sb.	Henry II
mate	The Duchess of Brittany Claude de Valois Austrian Eleonore
son
Princess Louise Charlotte Princess The Duke of Brittany Francois third Henry II Queen of Scots Madeleine de Valois Duke of Orleans Charles II Duchess of Berry and Duchess of Savoy Margaret
Be born	September 12, 1494 France Cognac
Pass away	31 March 1547 (aged 52) France Chateau Rambouillet
interment	The Temple of Saint Denis in France
religion	Roman Catholicism

biography

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EDITOR

One's early years

A coin bearing the face of Francois I

Francois' father was the king of France Charles V The great-grandson of Charles de Orleans of Angouleme, mother was Savoy duke Philip the Second Daughter of Louise . He was born in Koniac in the Charlande region. Cognac Town ) . Francois lost his father when he was young, and his mother raised him alone. Educate children The burden of... It is said that Francois loved his mother so much that he would always kneel to speak to her, and his mother dreamed that her son would become the supreme ruler of France.

Francois the First is Angouleme Count of the Shire and Savoy Louise Son and king Charles V Great-great-grandson, born in Cognac in the Charente region. His family is patrilineally The Valois Dynasty In theory, the possibility of succession to the French throne is very small. When he was born, the King Charles VIII Young and first in line to the throne Duke of Orleans Louis .

However, Charles VIII He died in 1498, and as a result of the death of his children during his lifetime, the throne passed Duke of Orleans Louis inherited, and because the French royal family followed the "Salic succession Law", so a line of women did not have the throne, at the time only four years old and had died Francois Became heir presumptive to the throne and was granted to the Duke of Valois.

Inherit the throne

Francois I in 1515

Francois I (Fran c ois I (12 September 1494-31 July 1547) was king of France in the first half of the 16th century. As a result of his rule, the newly formed France Absolute monarchy gain All-round development It gradually became the most typical in Western Europe Absolute monarchy .

Francois's first two Kings Charles VIII (reigned 1491-1498) and Louis XII (reigned 1498-1515) without heirs, when 1515 Louis XII After death, as The Valois Dynasty The descendant Francois succeeded to the throne. The royal family that began with him may also be called the Angouleme Dynasty.

He and England King Henry VIII and Holy Roman Empire Emperor Charles V He was a contemporary, and Charles V was the formidable adversary he faced all his life.

Francois of Angouleme, known as Francois I, was replaced in his youth Austria Of Charlie, i.e Charles V become Brittany The successor of the French Claude de Valois The result was to ensure that Brittany became a French rather than a Spanish possession, and also to ensure his lifelong hostility to Charles V. In 1515, Francois I was born Reims Cathedral He was crowned King of France, and Claude was crowned King of France Queen Consort .

Francois I is considered the first of the French Renaissance Type of monarch. Under his rule, people saw great progress in French culture. When young Francois came to the throne in 1515, he was one of the most powerful men in French history humanism The king of thought.

His two predecessors, Charles VIII and Louis XII Great effort was expended in attempting to conquer by force Italy However, I did not see this piece Renaissance The light of wisdom from the place of origin. These two monarchs were simply imitating what French Kings had been doing for centuries: expanding their land and strengthening their power. They are considered to be the last two "medieval" French monarchs. But their achievements are about to be rolled up for France Renaissance The wind laid a solid foundation.

During the successive conquers of Charles VIII and Louis XII in Italy, the French and the Italians came into close contact under special conditions. As this contact deepened, some new ideas originating in Italy spread to France. It was during this particular period of history that Francois I received his education. So some of his tutors, for example Latin The teacher, Desmoran, inevitably instilled in him some novel ways of thinking. Mother of Francois I Louise Also a Renaissance A lover of art, she passed on this interest to her son.

Of course, it cannot be said that Francois received the most advanced humanist education; Most of his teachers were never influenced by the Renaissance. However, it can be argued that he moved closer to humanism than any previous king. By the time he came to the throne, the influence of the Renaissance had really taken hold in France.

Francois I strongly supported this new change; He became the biggest customer of some art. He was a supporter and protector of many artists of his time, including Da Vinci (Da Vinci died in the arms of Francois I). Francois I encouraged all artists to live and work in France, and as a result great men like Andrea del Sarto and Leonardo Da Vinci accepted his invitation. When Da Vinci made some small paintings in France, he brought with him some of his greatest works, including Mona Lisa . Other great painters employed by Francois I were Bennevento Cellini, Rosso and Prima Ticcio, who added many splendid decorations to Francois's palace. Francois I hired a crew in Italy to buy it for him The Italian Renaissance Great masters such as Michelangelo , Titian and Raphael And ship them back to France. The men achieved remarkable results - although a wild plan to move Da Vinci's frescoed Last Supper to France failed to materialise. At the beginning of Francois I's reign, the French court had only a handful of famous paintings and none of the statues. today Louvre Many of the collections of the French royal family that people see here actually date from the time of Francois I.

Knight king

At the end of the 15th century, after a long period of fragmentation, French nation Formed and established a unified centralized state. By the time Francois came to the throne, capitalist production had begun, and a period of economic prosperity had begun. The advanced economy created the conditions for France's foreign aggression. Francois the First Foreign policy In the line of the last two Kings. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, France sought to consolidate its position in Mediterranean In order to satisfy the feudal aristocracy's desire to occupy land and plunder wealth, it adopted the policy of invading Italy. It was first launched by Charles VIII in 1494 Wars in Italy Louis XII continued his predecessor's Military action . As the small states united in Italy King of Spain Ferdinand II and Germany Holy Roman Empire Emperor Maximilian the First With the support of the struggle to resist, French army Had to evacuate Italy, the French invasion plan failed.

The Kaiser contended

Francis and Charles V entered Paris in January 1540^[1]

The Italian war did not stop because of the death of Louis XII, on the contrary, since childhood love jousting, adventure, known as the bold and brave "knight king", the age of 20 Francois I wanted to recapture the Milan lost by Louis XII in 1513. After leaving the kingdom to his mother's regent, he marched across it Alps To Italy. in Battle of Marignano To achieve victory, Duchy of Milan It was occupied by the French.

However, the Italian war was not yet over. In the campaign for Germany Holy Roman Empire When the emperor of Spain was already ruling Spain, Netherlands The Spanish king of Southern Italy Carlos I Elected in 1519, claiming to be Charles V . So, Charles was emperor charisma And have to Netherlands And the whole America A steady stream of economic replenishment, unprecedented strength, The House of Habsburg Its territory surrounded France on three sides and posed a serious threat to France. Charles V not only wanted to drive the French army out of Italy, but also tried to capture his grandmother Mary The lost territory of Burgundy. In 1521, the Italian war was finally renewed.

During the reign of Francois, four wars were fought against Charles V (1521-1525, 1527-1529, 1536-1538, 1542-1544). At the beginning of the war in 1521, the French lost Milan. In 1523, the British invaded northern France, commander of the French army Duke of Bourbon Rebellion. The situation is very bad for France. On January 24, 1525, the French army attacked Battle of Pavia It was a great defeat. Francois I was taken prisoner. In a letter to his mother, he lamented his misfortune, declaring that he had "nothing left but honor and life." Transported to Madrid, he was forced to sign again Treaty of Madrid Before being released. The treaty gave Burgundy to Charles V, and France renounced its claims to Italian territory. Before signing the treaty, however, he had written a bull saying that all treaties signed by the king were null and void if they were detrimental to the interests of France. He would continue to fight Charles V for more than two decades.

Papal marriage

Francois I did not intend to keep his promise, and war broke out again in 1527. He first had the High Court reject the treaties because they were signed under pressure. The angry Charles V publicly called for a duel with him in the name of the knight, but he did not dare to fight, which made his title of knight King worthless. Francois the First wants to use Diplomatic means Unite the Italian states. He objected successively Holy Roman Emperor The Pope Clement VII Italian Venice The princes of Florence, Milan and other countries formed an alliance. He dealt with the most powerful Pope in Italy, Clement VII, who was the son of a wealthy Italian family The Medici family The family owns Florence and The Grand Duchy of Tuscany the dominion . They succeeded in concluding a treaty Political marriage Prince Henri, second son of Francois I, and Catherine of the Medici family. The woman's father was an Italian tycoon Lorenzo II de 'Medici Mother is Auvergne The count's daughter Madeleine. This marriage was the beginning of a union between the French royal family and Italy, and Catherine de 'Medici It had a wide and far-reaching influence on later France. In 1527, when Francois I again invaded Italy, the vanguard troops burned Rome and imprisoned the Pope in the Basilica, only to be advised later to save him from further humiliation, and the Pope became less important in the war. Under the Treaty of Cambrai, signed in 1529, France renounced all rights to Italy, but kept Burgundy.

Pagan league

Francois I (left) and Suleiman the Great (right)

During the temporary restoration of peace, Francois I, in response to the Holy Roman Emperor's attempt to establish Christian rule throughout Europe, formed an alliance with King Henry VIII of England and the Protestant princes of Germany, and in 1535 with Turkey Sudan Suliman the Great Made an alliance and obtained from the Sultan a very favourable deal for France." Extraterritoriality ". He made an alliance with the East and with the Protestants Foreign policy He would later benefit greatly from his battles with Charles V. Of course, it also made him infamous in the Christian world, where countless people cursed the new moon and the lily Sacrilege league . In 1544, when the army of Charles V invaded France and approached Paris, on the one hand, the inhabitants of the occupied areas of France rose up to defend the country, so that Charles V's army could not advance; On the other hand, as the German Protestant princes were preparing to revolt against Charles V at home, Turkish army while Hungary Advancing within the borders, threatening Vienna His security forced Charles V to abandon his military campaign in France, and in 1544 he signed a peace treaty with Francois I at Crebe. Defended it at the last minute France Territorial integrity.

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EDITOR

Colonial competition

In 1524, Francois I helped the citizens of Lyon finance Giovanni da Verrazzano North America The expedition team. I'm afraid he was born with Charles V The purpose of competition. During this expedition, Verrazzano announced Newfoundland It was the domain of the French crown. In 1534, Francois I sent Jacques Cartier to Quebec St. Lawrence River Exploring the valley, where mysterious riches are said to be hidden.

King's glory

Francois I is considered the first of the French Renaissance Type of monarch. Under his rule, people saw the French Cultural undertaking Great progress has been made. When young Francois came to the throne in 1515, he was History of France The first of its kind in the world humanism The king of thought. His two predecessors, Charles VIII and Louis XII Great effort was expended in trying to conquer Italy by force, but the light of wisdom emanating from the land of the Renaissance was not seen at all. These two monarchs were simply imitating each other for centuries King of France What we've been doing: expanding the land, strengthening the crown. They are thus considered to be the last two "medieval" Monarchs of France . But their achievements laid a solid foundation for the Renaissance that was about to blow in France. During the successive conquers of Charles VIII and Louis XII in Italy, the French and Italians came into close contact under special conditions. As this contact deepened, some new ideas originating in Italy spread to France. It was during this particular period of history that Francois I received his education. So some of his tutor , for example Latin The teacher, Desmoran, inevitably instilled in him some novel ways of thinking. So was the mother of Francois I Renaissance style A lover of art, she passed on this interest to her son.

Of course it cannot be said that Francois received the most advanced humanism Education; Most of his teachers were never influenced by the Renaissance. However, it can be argued that he moved closer to humanism than any previous king. By the time he came to the throne, the influence of the Renaissance had really taken hold in France.

Francois I strongly supported this new change; He became the biggest customer of some art. He was a supporter and protector of many artists of his time, including Da Vinci (Da Vinci died in the arms of Francois I). Francois I encouraged all artists to live and work in France, and as a result great men like Andrea del Sarto and Leonardo Da Vinci accepted his invitation. When Da Vinci made some small paintings in France, he brought with him some of his greatest works, including Mona Lisa . Other great painters employed by Francois I were Bennevento Cellini, Rosso and Prima Ticcio, who added many splendid decorations to Francois's palace. Francois I hired a crew in Italy to buy it for him The Italian Renaissance Great masters such as Michelangelo , Titian and Raphael And ship them back to France. These people achieved remarkable results - despite turning Da Vinci's frescoes The Last Supper A crazy plan to move to France failed to materialize. At the beginning of Francois I's reign, the French court had only a handful of famous paintings and none of the statues. today Louvre Many of the collections of the French royal family that people see here actually date from the time of Francois I.

Francois I encouraged it Development of literature . He called upon his subjects to read more books; He also tried his hand at writing poetry. He founded the Royal College in 1530 for specialized studies Greek language ", Latin and Hebrew, and appointed the French humanist Guillaume Bader as its chief writer.

Francois I had a keen interest in architecture and embarked on a series of ambitious projects Civil engineering And poured a lot of money into the construction industry. He continued to build the castle of Ambois, which the French royal family had been building, and began to work on The Castle of Blois Carry out renovations. He used to bring his own Design sketch Ask Da Vinci. The buildings he started include the most Renaissance style Chambord Castle This building may have been designed by Da Vinci. Another great contribution of Francois I was to transform the Louvre from a fortress into the art museum it is today. His great contributions also include the construction of the famous Fontainebleau Palace Around 1530, Francois I decided that he would Paris The courtyard on the outskirts of the city was expanded into a grand palace, decorated by two Italian master painters, Rosso and Primaticio, as well as French painters, Gouchamps and Caron, and sculptors Goujon And others participated in the design. Their efforts make Fontainebleau The palace style is so unique that it is regarded as a new genre, namely The Fontainebleau School .

Francois I was in love Masses of the people In former appearances, in summer and in winter, in good health and in bad health, he traveled tirelessly through France, always greeting those who welcomed him with the phrase, "My friends, my faithful friends." In his old age, he got it pyretosis But before he died, he was still lying on a stretcher Travel round From castle to castle. On March 31, 1547, the Knight King died at La Bollette.

Absolute kingship

During the reign of Francois I, due to Capitalist economy The development of... Hereditary nobility Gradually declining, the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy rose, but the high dignitaries, such as the royal family, the great Lord family, still had a strong economic and political power. Bourgeois and New Noble Politically weak, economically immature and in need of royal support, they supported centralization Absolute monarchy . Although the old nobles also hoped that the king would restore the privileges of the old nobles, this would inevitably lead to the weakening of the royal power, and it was often impossible for the king to respond to their insatiable demands. The feudal dignitaries not only wanted to keep their real power in the local areas, but also tried to make the royal power under their control, and the king's policies were always opposed by them. So, Francois I Absolute monarchy Still unstable, the policy of centralization he pursued was often determined by the specific situation of the balance of power among the various classes at the time. Nevertheless, Francois I, keen on authority, took various measures to greatly strengthen the royal power.

commerce

Francois I adopted a policy of protection for industry and trade, mainly protection Tariff rate In order to restrict the import of industrial goods from Spain, Italy, Flanders and other places. He also worked with Türkiye Signed" Preferential treaty The French merchants in Turkey enjoyed Monopoly trade The privilege of... In order to meet the requirements of foreign wars and the profligacy of the wealthy class, the demand for metals has increased greatly, so Mining industry It has developed. To facilitate the transport of supplies, the state dug and dug deep Canal Building roads and Bridges, removing certain county checkpoints, and ensuring the safety of merchants Weights and measures Tends to be unified, National market Thus it was developed. Economic prosperity made the country rich, the income of the royal Treasury was also rich, and the strengthening of the central royal power had a more solid material foundation.

judiciary

Important judicial reforms by Francois I extended the king's judicial authority. The Velle Cotelle Decree of 1539 required that judicial documents in all courts in the provinces of the country must be written in French and no longer be used Latin Or dialect Make a draft . Also, it used to be by the church Court hearing Of the laity Civil action They're all in the King's Court.

Francois I concentrated the supreme power to rule the country in the imperial Council, and major national events were decided by the king and a few close aides. For the High Court so cherished before registering the King's edict" advise The right, which Francois I did not attach importance to, and the amendment proposed by the High Court, the King had every right to reject it, since he considered that the legislative power should belong only to him. In 1527, the President of the Parlement of Paris declared to the king, "You are above the law; neither law nor order can compel you; there is no power to compel you to do anything." It was Francois I who first wrote the words "it is my pleasure" at the end of the king's document, which later became the language of imperial edicts, which fully demonstrated that the power of the king was absolute and everything was determined by his personal will.

scepter

Sufficient financial resources made it possible for Francois I to build a large army of professional soldiers loyal to the king A standing army It may also be strengthened Central administrative organ Such as the Council, the High Court of Paris, the central financial institutions, etc. The king controlled the army and relied on these powerful central organs of government, completely free from the constraints of hierarchical representation. So under Francois, estates-general They were never convened, some of the local Estates-General were abolished, and those that did remain were greatly limited in their powers. The king sent overseers to the counties to control the territory. The superintendents were very powerful, and everyone had to obey them, but they only obeyed the king, and this limited the power of the sheriffs of noble birth.

The strengthening of the crown is also reflected in kingdom Almost the entire kingdom. The Duke of Brittany The territory, due to Louis XII and the heiress of the territory Brittany the Annie The marriage, as well as the daughter of Francois I and Anne Claude de Valois Of marriage, and outright incorporation into the king's domain. Bourbon Their lands were also confiscated by Bourbon's rebellion in 1523. At this point, there were almost no semi-independent lords in French territory who could pose a serious threat to the crown.

Another factor contributing to the strengthening of the royal power was the decision of Francois I of Rome in 1516 Pope Leo X signed Bologna A religious agreement. The agreement gave France ecclesiastical autonomy, and Francois I was appointed high minister of France clergy Although this required the approval of the Pope, the king could grant offices to his cronies, or keep their income for himself by leaving vacant for long periods of time religious offices that needed replacement. In this way, the king gained unprecedented power over the church and took control of some of the church's property.

In summary, we can see that Francois I finally put the king's authority above everything else and took control Local administration Feudal lords, the church, hierarchical representative bodies, and even the High Court of Paris. The absolute monarchy was greatly strengthened.

In domestic policy, Francois I was also concerned about France Renaissance The movement has played a role in promoting. Wars in Italy The introduction of the new culture of the Italian Renaissance into France has been embarked on capitalism Road France readily accepts this new cultural trend. The king, who loved literature and art, encouraged the arts and sciences, and the court became for a time the center of the new Renaissance culture. The King's Margaret was a poet who actively participated in the humanist movement, and a group of humanist writers, poets and artists gathered around her. The king himself was not only the protector of the country's humanist Rabelais, but also had contacts with the representatives of the Italian Renaissance, such as Da Vinci and Benvenuto Gerini, and once invited them to Paris. One of his most praiseworthy acts was the founding of a secular humanistic university, the Academie Francaise, in 1530. Its mission is to spread the science of humanism. The king is keen on new Architectural art , that is Ancient Greek Roman architecture and have French National tradition The architectural arts combined during his reign to build Louvre The southwest and Champol, Fontainebleau Blois and other castles.

maladministration

Not all of Francois's domestic policies were laudable, carried out by a freewheeling king Fiscal policy It brought disaster to French society. In order to pay for the war and the court, the original taxes were completely insufficient, so he took them Interim measure . The first is the issuance of public debt, that is, loans from the bourgeoisie to the state. In 1522, the city of Paris issued its first bond, followed by other cities. Bond interest Paid for by the government. The king found this method of borrowing money very convenient, and the number of loans increased. Second, the practice of selling official posts had already existed in the past. In 1523, Francois I set up a special agency responsible for the public sale of offices. He even created many new offices to address financial constraints. Those who buy official positions not only receive salaries and bribes, but also enjoy various privileges and promotions Social status . However, due to the increase in redundancy, State institution Bloated, corrupt and bribery rife. Third, we will implement contracted taxes Indirect tax The system, that is, the tax payer has stipulated in advance The amount of tax payable Once to the Treasury, and then back to the taxpayers, these The National People's Congress All are large Banker They not only control the Treasury, but also can pay taxpayers Profiteering .

These measures have increased State revenue The aristocracy and the bourgeoisie have become richer, but they have increased the burden on the masses of the people, for in addition to the direct exploitation of the tax payers, the interest on the public debt and the salaries of the officials have all been paid State budget While the source of the state budget is mainly urban and rural Working people The taxes. At the time, France had the highest national taxes in Europe. Many peasants had to sell their tribute land under the heavy burden of rent, debt and taxes, and a poor class emerged in the countryside. Tax revolt It happens all the time. Workshops in the city artisan A wage worker who lives on a source of wages. On account of Price revolution Prices are soaring for workers Real wages The decline in value, coupled with the burden of taxation, made the situation miserable. Concentrated labor made it possible for them to organize clandestine labor unions to protect their own interests. From 1539 to 1542, there was a general strike by the printers in Paris and Lyon. Francois I brutally suppressed the resistance of the working masses. The Velle Cotelle Act of 1539 also stipulated that workers could not form their own organizations.

The religious policies of Francois I were also extremely cruel. He had been attracted by Renaissance ideas, and was also advocated for church reform, and put a lot of Protestant A sister under his own protection Margaret of Angouleme The influence, moreover, of diplomatic necessity, he had with Germany Protestantism The princes were united against Charles V and the Pope, so at first he did not put a stop to new ideas and allowed the Reformation to spread. However, as the ideas of the Reformation grew in popularity and depth, Francois's attitude toward Protestants gradually changed. Although he controlled the church in France and did not have to oppose Rome and offend the Pope, as the Protestant princes in Germany had done, and because he had become the de facto head of the Church, and Protestants were at that time considered Republicans, the violent attacks of the Protestants against the Catholic Church led him to believe that they wanted to overthrow the government and seize the throne. So he decided to do it heathenism They practiced cruel persecution. In 1535 alone, 35 Protestants were burned to death and more than 300 were arrested. In 1540, inquisition Implemented in France. Some of the most prominent radical humanists of the time, such as linguist Edore was punished for his participation in the Reformation Death by fire Some fled abroad, some took refuge in advocating the adoption of Protestants and representatives of free thought Tolerant attitude the Margaret of Angouleme . The policy of religious persecution did not achieve its aim of exterminating paganism; on the contrary, the Reformation developed further, and was eventually used by the secessionist local nobility against the centralization of power. Therefore, religious division is one of the potential causes of the crisis of the French absolute monarchy in the second half of the 16th century ^[1] .

Life evaluation

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EDITOR

Francois the First

Francois I never succeeded in his war ambitions, and his political career produced few spectacular achievements. His enthusiasm for art sometimes seemed extravagant. Francois's father-in-law and predecessor Louis XII Later in life, he expressed concern that his heirs might "mess everything up." Louis XII left France a great asset: place Feudal Lord The secession of the United States was largely eliminated, the economy flourished and Budget balance . While Francois I continued to strengthen the French throne, he greatly damaged the French economy. Construction is an important factor in the huge waste, and The House of Habsburg The struggle is a financially destructive trap. As a result, Francois I tried to solve the problem by levying taxes: taxes on the peasants were doubled, Salt duty It has tripled, leading to widespread complaints. Francois I also invented other ways to generate income: sales crown Jewels, selling royal lands. In order to get quick returns, Francois began to sell office again, becoming the author of this chronic poison that poisons French politics. Objectively speaking, Francois I was a king who had both merit and error in developing culture and improving France International status Much has been achieved, but at the cost of France's economic health.

Francois I died at Chateau Rambouillet in 1547. He was buried in the monastery of Saint-Denis, with his first wife of France Claude de Valois Buried together. His second son Henry II He inherited the throne. include Victor Hugo , Giuseppe Verdi The figure of Francois I has appeared in the works of many writers and playwrights.

Family member

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EDITOR

Family member
relation	portrait	Name	Dates of birth and death	introduce
First term wife	Claude de Valois of France	French Claude de Valois	October 13, 1499 - July 20, 1524	The Duchess of Brittany. They married on 18 May 1514 and had seven children
Sons and daughters	Louise	Louise de Valois	August 19, 1515 - September 21, 1517	Die young
	Charlotte	Charlotte · De Valois	October 23, 1516 - September 8, 1524	Die young
	Francois III	Francois third	February 28, 1518 - August 10, 1536	Dauphin of France And the Duke of Brittany, unmarried and childless
	Henry II	Henry II	March 31, 1519 - July 10, 1559	The King of France. with Catherine de 'Medici Get married, have kids
	Oh, Madeleine	Madeleine de Valois	August 10, 1520 - July 2, 1537	With the King of Scotland James V Married, no offspring
	Charles II	Charles II	January 22, 1522 - September 9, 1545	Duke of Orleans, unmarried and childless
	Margaret	Margaret · De Valois	June 5, 1523 - September 14, 1574	With the Duke of Savoy Emanuele Filiberto Get married, have kids
The second wife	Eleonore of Austria	Austrian Eleonore	November 15, 1498 - February 25, 1558	Enemies of Francois Charles V My sister. They married on 7 August 1530 and had no children

Famous portrait

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EDITOR

name

" Portrait of Francois I "

Francois the First

Category: Oil on wood

By Jean Cruet

Date of creation: 1535

Size: 96×74cm

Site of deposit

Paris Louvre

Picture description

The painting shows the French King Francois I dressed in luxury and in a handsome manner, especially his two hands, making a chivalrous manner (the French king is known as the "knight king"). The magnificent satin robe enhances the image of luxury. The colors are fine, the satin texture of the clothes is beautifully painted, Silver gray The tone added deep purple, dark yellow, dark blue, the gloss on the clothes gave a sense of cold. The Dharma King has a pair of small eyes, squinting out of the picture, pointed chin And made his appearance to match the robe on his body incongruity . The expression is more treacherous than kind. According to historical records, the people did not like the king. He has several nicknames: conspirator The disciples of fame, the disciples, the aspirants, and so on. The painter focuses on the depiction of realism, and the true character of the image naturally jumps on the painting.

About the artist

Jean Clouet was born in 1485 or 1486. The sources of his life are limited. Some of his works are still controversial (this painting is one of them). Because his father was also a famous court painter, the author of this painting is often referred to as Jean Claude the Younger. He's been here since 1516 Tours In 1529, he went to Paris and served as the court painter of King Francois I of France. This portrait was painted during his tenure (scholars who disagree say it was painted by The Fontainebleau School The portrait was painted by one of the artists, but most scholars who oppose this claim still believe that the portrait has the artistic characteristics of Jean Clouet).

Jean Crueyot died in 1540 (also called 1541). It was painted between 1525 and 1530. It's an oil painting on a board. About 96 x 74 cm in size. It is now in the Louvre in Paris.

Background note

France Renaissance Period, generally speaking, later than the rest of Europe. It is in... Italy Under the cultural influence of various countries, it did not arrive until the mid-15th century. Moreover, its task in literature and art is different from that of Italy and other countries, and the early French literature and art mainly strives to get rid of it Gothic art the mysticism Impact, face for Western Europe Countries have already realized this realism The value of art. In 1494, France launched several military expeditions to Italy, which brought great benefits to France. King Charles VIII and later Francis I made their own "contributions" to the centralization of the French state. Because France is united nation-state From the Middle Ages Civic stratum mesogenic New bourgeoisie Has not yet reached the same level Feudal dynasty The point of confrontation. Therefore, from the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century in France, a central idea of the Renaissance reflected in literature and art was the praise of kingship and unity. In the arts, there were architects such as Biel Lesra (who designed the courtyard and part of the wing of the Louvre in Paris), Fi Delorme, and sculptors Jean Goujon , Germain Peron, painter Jean Fuguet Famous artists such as Jean Clouet and Francois Clouet.

The Reformation, as reflected in the French Renaissance, was a very heterogeneous movement Cultural consciousness Trends: Some represented the interests of the French rural and urban common people against the feudal church; Some represent only a regional city bourgeoisie With the demands of a few dignitaries; There is also a mix of anti-progress Social force . Such a complex reformation could not fail in the end. Catholicism, however, has maintained its Leading position . In fact, the French Renaissance, in addition to being partly linked to the Reformation, was to a large extent the establishment of human rational values, which helped to promote the study of ancient culture and learning. By the 16th century, the royal art of France basically reflected Italy mannerism The tendency to go to great lengths to decorate. In the 1530s, the Fontainebleau School in France was a French version of this style (the French king hired many Italian artists to the French court, Da Vinci He spent the last three years of his life under the king. Here's one portraiture Francois I is a masterpiece of Jean Clouet, one of the most famous French portrait masters of this period.

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