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Presidential system is
bourgeoisie
Democratic republic
A kind of
Organizational form of political power
, and
Parliamentary cabinet system
Relative, refers to by
elector
Respectively elected the executive and
legislature
, due to
Pres.
The system of being head of state and head of government at the same time.
Carry out
Presidential system of the country, in
constitution
The powers of the president are specified in both. Compared with the parliamentary cabinet system, the presidential system is characterized by the president as the head of the executive, and the executive is subordinate to the president rather than the parliament. In a presidential system, the president is independent of Parliament and is regularly elected directly or indirectly by citizens. The president is answerable only to the voters, not to Parliament. Although some countries have a president, the president is only the head of state, not the head of government, and the Cabinet is elected by the parliament and is responsible only to the Parliament. This case belongs to
Semi-presidential system
perhaps
Two-head system
.
Presidential and semi-presidential systems need to be represented by South Korea
presidentialism
[1
]
And Russia
Super-presidential system
[2]
Make a distinction.
- Chinese name
- Presidential system
- Foreign name
- Presidential system
- plot
- Originated in Europe and America
- Feature 1
- The president is both head of state and head of government
- Feature 2
- The executive and the legislature are independent of each other
- Feature 3
- Presidential elections are held separately from congressional elections
- Feature 4
- The term of office of the president and Parliament is fixed in contrast to the cabinet system
-
Exercise overall administrative power, promulgate laws and issue orders without countersigning. Government officials are appointed by the President and are accountable to the President, except for a few important appointments that need to be approved by Parliament.
-
As a legislature, Parliament's members cannot hold executive office; Government officials, who are executive organs, cannot concurrently serve as members of Parliament.
-
The majority party in Congress is not necessarily the ruling party.
-
The president does not have the power to dissolve Parliament, and members of Parliament cannot vote no confidence in the president, but if the president violates the constitution or commits a serious violation of the law, Parliament can initiate an impeachment case against the president and bring it to the Supreme Court.
- 1.
During his term of office, the president is not at risk of falling because of political differences, and can actively pursue policies, and in the case of mutual constraints between the executive and the legislative, Administrative power Highly centralized, full play of operational efficiency, adapt to changes in the situation.
- 2.
When the opposition holds a majority in parliament, the opposition can effectively check the president and reduce the possibility of constitutional crisis.
- 3.
When the ruling party has a majority in parliament, the opposition party can also be an effective check on the president, and the opposition party in the presidential system is not as easily marginalized as the opposition party in the semi-presidential and parliamentary system.
- 4.
The limited term of office can effectively prevent the president from serving too long and becoming a dictatorship. (This applies only to countries that have a limit on the number of consecutive terms, but most Asian and African presidential systems do not have a limit on the number of consecutive terms, resulting in presidents who are long-serving dictators.)
- 5.
There can be maximum specialization in administration.
- 6.
Technocrats do not suffer too much from shifting parties, which is good for policy coherence.
- 7.
A clear system of separation of powers can effectively prevent any branch from becoming a dictatorship.
- 1.
In parliament The opposition party When in the majority, the executive and the legislature are often deadlocked on individual issues. Sometimes, Separation of powers It's what makes the American political system so inefficient.
- 2.
Neither voters nor parliament can remove a president from office before his term expires if he pursues bad policies.
- 3.
The term is limited, and even a competent president can only be re-elected once. (Applies only to countries that limit the number of consecutive terms, such as the United States).
- 4.
For countries with no two-term limit, dictatorships tend to form. For example, many countries in Africa and Asia that adopt presidential systems tend to have authoritarian presidential situations, and their presidents are in power for a long time.
- 5.
The president is very powerful and prone to dictatorship. For example, many countries in Central and South America that have adopted presidential systems are often dictatorships of military strongmen.
- 6.
Members are not allowed to hold executive positions concurrently, and their lack of practical work experience makes monitoring or criticism easy to be empty talk.
- 7.
It is necessary to consume huge election funds on a regular basis, and the phenomenon of money power politics is opposite parliamentarism The state is serious.
- 8.
With the exception of the United States, where there is no serious conflict between political parties, all countries that have adopted a presidential system since the beginning of democracy have failed in their first attempts at democracy. Parliamentary systems, on the other hand, have a higher success rate.
First, governments are organized differently. Under a parliamentary republic, the government (
cabinet
It is usually organized by the party or coalition of parties that holds the majority of seats in parliament (in bicameral parliament, generally the House of Representatives); In a presidential republic, members of the government are appointed and led by the elected president.
Second, parliaments have different powers.
parliamentarism
The parliament not only has the power to legislate, supervise the government and decide the budget, but also has the power to organize the government. Under a presidential republic, the parliament only has the powers of the general parliament to legislate, supervise the government and decide the budget, but has no power to organize the government.
Third, the relationship between government and parliament is different. In a parliamentary republic, the government is accountable to Parliament. If Parliament is dissatisfied with the government's policies and passes a bill against the government
Cabinet no-confidence motion
The government has to resign or appeal to the head of state
Dissolution of parliament
A new election. In a presidential republic, the government under the president is accountable only to the electorate, not to parliament. Act as
legislature
In a parliamentary system, its members may not serve as executive officers, and government officials who are executive organs may not serve as Members of Parliament (members of the government are also Members of Parliament under a parliamentary system). The President is not responsible for the policies of the parliament when exercising his powers, and the Parliament cannot introduce a no-confidence motion against the president and the government for policy issues in order to force him to resign, but it can impeach the president when the president has violated the constitution. The President reports to Parliament and has no power to dissolve Parliament, but can veto laws passed by Parliament.
Fourth, heads of state have different positions and roles in national political life. In a parliamentary republic, the president, as head of state, is mostly a figurehead with no real power; In the presidential republic system, the president is both the head of state and the head of government, and holds the real power of the executive.
fifth
,
The ruling party
Are produced in different ways. The ruling party in a parliamentary republic usually refers to the party or coalition of parties that wins a parliamentary election. In a presidential republic, the ruling party is the party or coalition of parties that wins the presidential election.
Sixth, heads of state are elected in different ways. In a parliamentary republic, the president, as the head of state, is elected by parliament in most countries, but directly or indirectly by voters in a few countries. In a presidential republic, the president is elected directly or indirectly by the people.
The countries in the world that have adopted the presidential system are
America
,
Korea
,
Indonesia
,
Mexico
,
Guatemala
,
Botswana
,
Brazil
,
Chile
,
Argentina
,
Türkiye
Equal majority
Latin America
Country and majority
Central Asia
and
Africa
Countries and a handful of others. The main characteristics of the presidential system in these countries, especially the president, are
Head of state
and
Head of government
This is consistent. But in other ways, such as implementation
Separation of powers
The degree of principle, the specific relationship between the President and other central state organs, and the method of the formation of the President, etc., differ from each other, even in some respects or to some extent
Parliamentary republic
Close.
The United States was the first country to have a presidential system. It implements a system of separation of legislative, judicial and executive powers and checks and balances each other.
The United States is a typical presidential system, which is characterized by: the president is both the head of state, the head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The actual powers of the president are very broad. The president directly organizes and leads the government. The government is not accountable to Congress, only to the president personally. The President has the power to accept a minister's resignation or remove him from office. The Cabinet is made up of officials (usually ministers) appointed by the President and acts as a collective adviser to the president. The legislature and executive branches of the country are completely separate, with checks and balances on each other. Parliamentarians and government officials are not allowed to hold concurrent positions with each other, the National Assembly has no power to reverse the government, and the government has no power to dissolve the National Assembly. However, the exercise of legislative power by the Congress is restricted by the president. For example, the President of the United States can veto a bill passed by the Congress, but the Congress can pass it by a two-thirds majority and it can become a law without the approval of the president. The president's power is also restricted by the Congress, such as the president's appointment of senior government officials must be confirmed by the Senate, and the president and senior government officials can be impeached by the Congress if they violate the constitution.
