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Latin

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Latin (Latin: Lingua Lat? na; English: Latin language), belongs to Indo-European Italian group Originated from Latin Region (present-day Lazio, Italy), for Roman Empire Use. Although Latin is usually considered a Dead language But there is a Christian minority clergy And scholars are fluent in Latin. In addition, many Western countries The university offers courses in Latin.
Latin has been used in the creation of new words in English and other Western languages. Latin is the last of the Italian languages. Through the study of the early Italian literature, it is possible to confirm the existence of other branches of the Italian language family, and these branches later in Roman Republic The period was gradually assimilated into Latin. Latin Kinship language include The Falisque language , The Oscan language and The Umbrian language . But, The Veneto language May be an exception. in Roman times , as Venice The language of the inhabitants, Veneto, was spoken alongside Latin. As Latin evolved, it gained more and more recognition.
Latin is a highly inflected language. Noun adjectives have three grammatical categories: number, sex, and case, with two numbers, three personalities, and six cases. The adjective must remain with the noun it modifies Grammatical category The consistency of... Verbs are divided into finite and non-finite forms. Verb finite forms have five grammatical categories: number, person, form, voice Tense; verb-dependent Present tense stem There are four endings Deflection method Six tenses, three persons, three modes, two voices, two numbers. There is no such grammatical category in Latin, and only a few ancient case forms remain, so the case is not classified as another case in Latin. vocative dividedsecond declension The masculine singular is all the same Nominative case Same, so Latin generally has only five different cases. Latin none article .
Chinese name
Latin
Foreign name
Lingua Lat? na (Latin)
Latin language (English)
genus
Indo-European - Italian
Writing system
Latin alphabet
Country of use
The Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, the Vatican, etc
As an official language
Vatican

catalogue

  1. 1name
  2. 2Development history
  3. ▪origin
  4. ▪propagate
  5. ▪develop
  1. 3articulation
  2. 4letter
  3. ▪The capital form of a Chinese character
  4. ▪Lower case
  5. ▪Alphabet history
  1. 5grammar
  2. ▪noun
  3. ▪verb
  4. 6Language feature
  5. 7Relationship with English
  1. 8status
  2. 9Common words and quotes
  3. ▪Common expressions
  4. ▪Famous saying

name

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EDITOR
拉丁语的中文名称在明、清朝的文献中曾有40多种异译，如“大西字”、“红毛字”、“番字”、“喇提诺”、“腊底诺”、“辣第诺”、“拉替努”、“赖丁”、“罗典”等。

Development history

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EDITOR
Of Latin Indo-European Italian group Latin-farish, originally a dialect of Latium (Lazio in Italian) in central Italy, is believed to have originated there Roman Empire The expansion of power spread Latin widely throughout the empire and gave Latin the name Official language . while Christianity After widespread circulation in Europe, Latin further deepened its influence from Europe Middle Ages By the early 20th century, the Roman Catholic Church used Latin as its official language, and most academic papers were written in Latin. Although only Vatican Latin is still used, but some academic words or articles such as Biological classification The naming rules are still used in Latin.
Roman The dynasty of Julia Claudius The classical Chinese used during the period is called "Classic Latin", and the popular language used between the 2nd and 6th centuries Writing in the vernacular Is called" Vulgar Latin (Vulgar Latin).
Among the independent languages of Europe that are not Latin, there are some" Romance group (Romance), including Central Romance languages: French (French), Italian (Italian), Sardinia (Sardinia) dialect, Catalan (Catalonia); Western Romance Languages: Spanish (Spanish), Portuguese (Portuguese); With Eastern Romance languages: Romanian (Romanian). After the 16th century Spain with Portugal The power spread throughout Central America , Caribbean Sea and South America Therefore, Central and South America is also called" Latin America (Latin America). The difference between Romance and Latin is that both Romance languages have lost much of their grammatical variation suffix . especial declension The end of the word has been completely lost. (noun change in Romanian Still have reservations).

origin

New Latin Grammar. Translated by Gu Zhiying and Yang Zhicheng [1]
Latin is to some extent lacking Greek language The variety and flexibility of the Romans may reflect their practical nature National character . The Romans were more concerned with the development and expansion of government and empire than with the variety and flexibility of literary creation, and were not interested in speculation and poetic imagination. But even in this case, in many Classical period Under the hands of the great masters, Latin remains the language of literature and poetry as rich as any other language in the world. [2]
Latin and Greek language Simultaneous effect Europe and America The deepest language of scholarship and religion. In the Middle Ages, Latin was used by different countries in Europe at the time Medium language It is also a necessary language for the study of science, philosophy and theology. Until recent times, a knowledge of Latin was the study of any humanities A prerequisite for education; It was not until the 20th century that the study of Latin declined and the focus shifted to the study of today's languages. [3]
Latin (Latinitas) was originally Italian peninsula The Latin language of the central west coast, as ancient as the Oske Umbli Indo-European The Italian Crock family . Because of the strength of Rome, Roman Latin gradually gained an advantage over other languages. At the beginning of the 5th century BC Roman Republic The official language. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, Latin spread to the West as the language of administration as the Romans expanded their military and political power Mediterranean Of the island, The Iberian Peninsula and Gaul (now France ) until Danube The valley of Dazia (now Romania ), became the language of the heart of the Empire at that time. Latin, the official language of the church, was close to the vernacular in the 4th century The Bible Latin The translation is the most authoritative textbook, so from the 5th to the 15th century, Latin was the language of religion, culture and administration under the rule of the church, and it was also the language of communication between the peoples of Western Europe, called Middle Latin. At the same time, the differences between written Latin and folk Vulgar Latin were growing. Since Middle Latin has somewhat broken away from Classical Latin, it is in Renaissance The Latin writers of the period did not seem to be normative and pure. The latter Latin is modeled after the classical Latin writers, called New Latin .
Ancient Rome The language of Latin is the ancestor of modern Romance languages. Latin begins with Tiber The dialect of a small village on the shore spread to most of the world over the course of history. In the Middle Ages, Latin was the medium of international communication, as well as the language of science, philosophy and theology. Until relatively recently, a knowledge of Latin was an essential prerequisite for any liberal arts education; Only in this century did the study of Latin decline, and the focus shifted to the study of living languages. Roman Catholics traditionally use Latin as a language Formal language And the language of worship.

propagate

The Etruscan alphabet
Around the first millennium BC, a steady stream of immigrants from the north brought Latin with them Italian peninsula . Over the next few hundred years, Roman The emergence, and prominence, of Roman Latin became the emerging Roman Empire Standard language . Alongside Classical Latin, there was a spoken dialect, Roman army And spread the dialect throughout the empire. It completely replaced the language that had existed in Italy before the advent of the Roman Empire as well Gaulish And Spanish, as well as the barbarians who carved up the Roman Empire in the fifth century. Further differentiation resulted in the emergence of the modern Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.
Latin (or Roman) alphabet Created in the seventh century BC, it is named after Etruscan. Etruscan Based on the alphabet, the Etruscan alphabet is derived from Greek alphabet . Of the original twenty-six Etruscan letters, the Romans adopted twenty-one. The original Latin letters were: A, B, C (for /g/ and /k/), D, E, F, zeta (the Greek word for I and J), H, I (for I and J), K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R (although written as P for a long time), S, T, V (for U, V, and W), X. Later, the Greek letter x was abandoned and replaced with a new letter G. After the conquest of Greece in the first century BC, the Greek letters Y and Z, which were common at the time, were adopted and placed at the end of the alphabet. Thus, the new Latin alphabet contains twenty-three letters. It was not until the Middle Ages that J (distinguished from I) and the letters U and W (distinguished from V) were added.

develop

Europe Renaissance After the period, each National language It replaced Latin, but Latin still had its place in the academic world. modern Catholic Church Latin was adopted as the first official language, and was used in church services until 1963. Ancient times Latin culture Is a direct succession Greek culture Yes. Through Latin, Greek is rich in European, including Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian Such language.

articulation

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EDITOR
Latin is a Western classical language that has died out as an everyday spoken language, and today is generally used only as a documentary language for study, or borrowed from other languages to use some words, so called Latin pronunciation Actually refers to the Latin pronunciation, that is, according to the modern Latin Written material The pronunciation when reading. individually phoneme The actual pronunciation is different, Latin pronunciation can be divided into general style and archaic style. Either way, it can basically be spelled according to "one letter and one sound", so most Latin dictionaries do not note it International phonetic alphabet . In addition, native English speakers like to spell Latin according to the rules of English, such as saying Caesar as SEE-zar. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pinyin). This English pronunciation style is correct vowel The spelling is quite outrageous and would not normally be adopted by serious learners. Latin vowels are short and long. It is the same in the same position if other pronunciations are the same before and after phoneme the Long vowel and Short vowel Able to distinguish meaning. Most vowels are short. The appearance and position of long vowels are sometimes regular, but most still need to be memorized individually during learning. Modern Latin dictionaries use two types Diacritical mark To be marked, that is Long note The latter is used only on vowels where it is necessary to specify them. Ancient texts and modern common texts generally do not use diacritics.
Latin word stress does not distinguish meaning, but position is fixed. There are no light or heavy sounds in monosyllabic words. The stress position of polysyllabic words is usually no more than the penultimate or third syllable, and is related to the length of the syllable. The length of a syllable is related both to the length of the vowel - a syllable with a long vowel must be a long syllable - and to the composition of the syllable Closed syllable Long syllables, regardless of vowel length. In a word containing three or more syllables, the stress is placed on the penultimate syllable if it is long, and on the third penultimate syllable if it is short.
Latin still exists in abundance The voice changes Phenomenon, but in the literature that can be seen today, most Phonetic change This is reflected in the spelling, with a few exceptions. This kind of orthography Although it is convenient to read, it also makes it difficult to master Latin grammar.

letter

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EDITOR
Latin alphabet , also known as the Roman alphabet, for Western Europe The alphabet system used by languages, including English, is the most common alphabet in the world. Due to early Europe colonialism And under the influence of Western culture, some languages use other scripts such as Vietnamese (Ting Vit) and Turkish They also used the Latin alphabet. Many languages that didn't have their own writing before, like Malay , Indonesian And a lot aborigines Languages also use the Latin alphabet to record their own language. The Latin alphabet consists of the following 26 letters:

The capital form of a Chinese character

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Lower case

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Classical Latin has only 23 of these letters (J, U, and W are not included).
The letter K is used only before A in very few numerals, and can be replaced by C.

Alphabet history

The Latin alphabet developed from the Etruria alphabet around the sixth century BC. Its origin is available through Greek alphabet , Phoenician alphabet It dates back to 1100 BC Syria , Palestine Along the way north Semite Letters.
The Etruscan alphabet
There is no dispute that these letters are primarily derived from the Etruscan alphabet. The pronunciation of the letter "C" amply demonstrates this.
In countries that use the Latin alphabet, dark green indicates that the official word "F" is derived from ( digamma The original Etruscan and Latin alphabets were used to denote the /w/ sound, whereas "FH" was originally used to denote the /f/ sound. The Romans later simplified "FH" to "F", and the letter has been used ever since to denote the /f/ sound.
semivowel / and/w/u /, / u: / and/j/vowel/I /, / I: / all the same letters are used to indicate, respectively for the "V" and "I".
There were only 20 original Latin letters (ABCDEFHIKLMNOPQRSTVX), with no "G", "J", "U", "W", "Y", or "Z". The letter G was added in the middle of the 3rd century BC and is of the form C plus a cross. There is no letter "U" and "J", only one and a half vowel "V" and "I"; In the 11th century, the "J" was differentiated from the "I", the "U" from the "V", and the "W" from the "V" (the form of the letter W is double V); In the 16th century, the division of labor was defined as I and U for the vowels /i/ and /u/, and j and V (or W) for the consonants /j/ and /w/ (or /v/) before the vowel. "Y" and "Z" were specially added in the late Republic to spell Greek and loan words, and Y was originally taken Greek language Υ Read round lip height Front vowel /y/, read after /i/.

grammar

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EDITOR
Latin can be roughly divided into the following five periods: Standard language Pre-literary Latin (before 250 BC), Archaic Latin (250 BC - 90 BC), Classical Latin (Classical Latin) 80 BC to 1st century AD), Classical Late Latin (14-200 AD), Late Latin (200-600 AD), and Vulgar Latin . Classical Latin is Ancient Rome the Official language In the writings of Caesar (GaiusIulius Caesar) and Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicer) came of age. Latin was later divided into French, Spanish, Portuguese , Italian, Romanian And so on, but at the same time it also had a considerable impact on English, which is not connected. Vulgar Latin and its linguistic descendants have made many modifications and simplifications of classical Latin, such as Classical Latin Neutral word In the descendant languages of Latin, it is reserved only in Romanian. This page is about the classics Latin grammar .

noun

The Latin noun adjective has six cases: Lord, genus, and, object, seize, and call
"nominativus" (nominativus, indicating the subject or predicative )
" Genitive case (genitivus, meaning all relations, same as in English Possessive case )
" dative (dativus, meaning Indirect object Or other indirect Grammatical meaning )
accusativus (accusativus) means Direct object , also called subject or anticase)
ablativus, with some preposition To be used in conjunction with, or only to indicate a tool or a means)
" vocative "(vocativus, used to address someone)
Azimuth lattice "Iocativus" is no longer found in Latin Grammatical category However, there are still a few ancient locative forms, mainly place names and individual common rankings, so it is not listed as one of the Latin cases.
Dejig also translated as dejig, by dejig, Instrumental case It's merged with the azimuth lattice.
Since case conjugation has been expressed in Latin between nouns and verbs Grammatical relation So Latin Word order Highly free, does not adhere to the subject-predicate-object format. For example: Father loves son, this sentence in Chinese, English, French There can only be one Word order That is, subject-predicate object. But in Latin There are six kinds of word order, which are:
Pater amat f? lium.
Pater f? lium amat.
F? lium amat pater.
F? lium pater amat.
Amat pater f? lium.
Amat f. lium pater.
The above six sentences mean the same thing. If we want to express that a son loves his father, we need to change the case. There are also six word orders for this sentence: "Filius patrem amat." The others are omitted.
There are five conjugations for Latin nouns and two for adjectives, each of which uses a different conjugation to distinguish the above six cases. Nouns are singular genitive suffix Determine the variation method.
The following is a list of five conjugations of Latin nouns:
First variation method (-) :
puella, -ae (girl)
singular
Complex number
Nominative case
puella
puellae
Genitive case
puellae
Puell ā rum
dative
puellae
Puell and s
Objective case
puellam
Puell ā s
usurpation
Puell ā
Puell and s
vocative
puella
puellae
The second transformation (-lately) :
sex
masculine
neutral
Example word
servus, - Desor (slave)
bellum, - "Since the war"
lattice
singular
Complex number
singular
Complex number
Nominative case
servus
Serv and
bellum
Bell, m:
Genitive case
Serv and
Serv not rum
Bell: and
Bell not rum
dative
Serv not
Serv and s
Bell, not
Bell and s
Objective case
servum
Serv not s
bellum
Bell, m:
usurpation
Serv not
Serv and s
Bell, not
Bell and s
vocative
serve
Serv and
bellum
Bell, m:
Third conjugation (subdivision into two categories, consonants stem And - Yajie Stem) :
sex
Feminine character
masculine
neutral
Example word
urbs, urbis (City)
pater patris (Father)
fl -men, fl -minis (river)
lattice
singular
Complex number
singular
Complex number
singular
Complex number
Nominative case
urbs
Urb ē s
pater
Patr ē s
Fl ū men
Fl ū mina
Genitive case
urbis
urbium
patris
patrum
Fl ū minis
Fl ū minum
dative
Urb and
urbibus
Patr and
patribus
Fl ū min and
Fl ū minibus
Objective case
urbem
Urb ē s
patrem
Patr ē s
Fl ū men
Fl ū mina
usurpation
urbe
urbibus
patre
patribus
Fl ū mime
Fl ū minibus
vocative
urbs
Urb ē s
pater
Patr ē s
Fl ū men
Fl ū mina
The fourth conjugation method (- set) :
sex
Feminine character
neutral
Example word
manus, - (hand)
corn (corner) - (corner)
lattice
singular
Complex number
singular
Complex number
Nominative case
manus
Man ū s
Corn ū
cornua
Genitive case
Man ū s
manuum
Corn ū s
cornuum
dative
Manu: and
manibus
Corn ū
cornibus
Objective case
manum
Man ū s
Corn ū
cornua
usurpation
Man ū
manibus
Corn ū
cornibus
vocative
manus
Man ū s
Corn ū
cornua
Fifth conjugation (-R) :
Example word
di s, - S (days)
lattice
singular
Complex number
Nominative case
Di ē s
Di ē s
Genitive case
Di ē : and
Di ē rum
dative
Di ē : and
Di ē bus
Objective case
diem
Di ē s
usurpation
Di ē
diebus
vocative
Di ē s
Di ē s

verb

Latin verbs are divided into finite and non-finite forms. Non-finite (impersonal) forms of verbs include: infinitive , participle , gerund , verb, object participle. The finite form (i.e., the form in which the person is conjugated) has five grammatical categories: number, person, form, voice Tense; verb-dependent Present tense Stem endings are divided into four basic types (four types Deflection method ), six tenses: present, imperfect, Future tense , perfect, Past perfect tense , Future perfect tense , there are first, second and third persons, three types of language: direct, virtual, injunctive , two voices: Active state , Passive state (Of which only Transitive verb Only be dynamic; Heteromorphic verb: a verb whose form is dynamic but active), two numbers: singular, plural.
Here is the first conjugated verb am (love) whose stem ends in -love:
I am a mother, a mother, a mother
Present tense
Perfect tense
Imperfect tense
Past perfect tense
Future tense
Future perfect tense
The main
dynamic
state
Chen
above
language
gas
single
The number
weigh
Am not
And am ā v
Am ā bam
Am ā veram
Am not ā b
Am ā ver not
Binary symmetry
Am ā s
Am ā vist and
Am ā bas
Am ā ver ā s
Am ā bis
Am ā veris
Three weights
amat
Am ā vit
Am ā bat
Am ā verat
Am ā bit
Am ā verit
after
The number
weigh
Am ā mus
Am ā vimus
Am ā b ā mus
Am ā ver ā mus
Am ā bimus
Am ā verimus
Binary symmetry
Am ā tis
Am ā vistis
Am ā b ā tis
Am ā ver ā tis
Am ā bitis
Am ā veritis
Three weights
amant
Am ā v ē runt
Am ā bant
Am ā verant
Am ā bunt
Am ā verint
virtual
quasi
language
gas
single
The number
weigh
amem
Am ā verim
Am ā rem
Am ā vissem
-
-
Binary symmetry
Am ē s
Am ā veris
Am ā r ē s
Am ā viss ē s
-
-
Three weights
amet
Am ā verit
Am ā ret
Am ā visset
-
-
after
The number
weigh
Am ē mus
Am ā verimus
Am ā r ē mus
Am ā viss ē mus
-
-
Binary symmetry
Am ē tis
Am ā veritis
Am ā r ē tis
Am ā viss ē tis
-
-
Three weights
ament
Am ā verint
Am ā rent
Am ā vissent
-
-
be
dynamic
state
Chen
above
language
gas
single
The number
weigh
amor
am varietus sum
Am ā bar
am varietus eram
Am ā bor
I am an individual. I am an individual
Binary symmetry
Am ā ris
~ es
Am ā b ā ris
~ erās
Am ā beris
~ eris
Three weights
Am ā tur
~ est
Am ā b ā tur
~ erat
Am ā bitur
~ erit
after
The number
weigh
Am ā mur
~ sumus
Am ā b ā mur
~ Ermus
Am ā bimur
~ erimus
Binary symmetry
Am ā min and
~ estis
Am ā b ā min and
~ erātis
Am ā binim and
~ eritis
Three weights
amantur
~ sunt
Am ā bantur
~ erant
Am ā buntur
~ erunt
virtual
quasi
language
gas
single
The number
weigh
amer
am an individual who develops a sim
Am ā rer
am tusessem
-
-
Binary symmetry
Am ē ris
~ s? s
Am ā r ē ris
~ Esss
-
-
Three weights
Am ē tur
~ sit
Am ā r ē tur
~ esset
-
-
after
The number
weigh
Am ē mur
~ s? mus
Am ā r ē mur
~ ess ESS mus
-
-
Binary symmetry
Am ē min and
~ s? tis
Am ā r ē min and
~ essētis
-
-
Three weights
amentur
~ sint
Am ā rentur
~ essent
-
-
injunctive
I
II
single
The number
Binary symmetry
Am ā
Am ā to
Three weights
-
Am ā to
after
The number
Binary symmetry
Am ā te
Am not ā t te
Three weights
-
amanto
infinitive
initiative
passivity
normal
Am ā re
Am ā r and
complete
Am ā visse
Am ā min and
participle
initiative
passivity
now
Am ā ns
-
complete
-
Am ā tus
In the future
Am ā t ū rus
amandus
Gerund: amandum

Language feature

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EDITOR
Latin script
Latin script And Latin words are the common language resources of mankind. linguist Indo-european Latin is classified as a class K language. Latin stress There are certain rules: if the second-to-last syllable is long, the stress falls on that syllable, otherwise it falls on the third-to-last syllable. Grammatically unnecessary article Nouns have rich morphological variations that are retained Indo-european languages the vocative But put Indo-European really abscission , Instrumental case And most of Azimuth lattice Merge into a dissociation. The conjugation of verbs is complex, but simpler than in Greek. Since the verb has a personal conjugation, in the sentence Personal pronoun The subject is often omitted. There are also heterogeneous verbs, such as loquor, which takes the form Passive voice , but active in the sense; There are unique verbs that can be used as participle And adjective use. sentential Word order More free and flexible. The vocabulary is basically a direct descendant of Indo-European words, but there are also many from other languages loanword .
Latin is Synthetic language complex inflection The system constitutes Latin grammar The main part of. These variations are usually made by adding a suffix to the end of a word ( External inflection ) or change stem Consonant or vowel ( Internal inflection ). For nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, this variation is called" declension "(declinatio), for verbs, is called" coniugatio ".

Relationship with English

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EDITOR
Latin Bible
English belongs to the same family as Latin ( Indo-European Different language families (English belongs to The Germanic language family And Latin belongs to Italian group ) and are therefore grammatically different. Attempts by modern English writers to apply Latin grammar to English, such as imposing a law forbidding the use of adverbs between to and verbs, were unsuccessful in their application to everyday speech. Still, that's more than half English vocabulary It comes from Latin. Many English words have evolved from Romance languages, such as French or Italian. These Romance languages, in turn, evolved from Latin (e.g. Latin: Mercs → French: merci→ English: mercy), some evolved directly from Latin (e.g. Latin: Sernus → English: serene), and some were adopted without modification (e.g. Latin: Lala rva→ English: larva). It can be seen that a considerable number of English words have evolved from Latin. In addition, some Latin words are composed of Greek language Evolved from (e.g. Greek: sch lacla → Latin: sch lacla → Old English: sc lacl → Modern English : school). English is used so much Borrowed word After that, it really enriches the original monotonous English vocabulary.
Many people like to refer to A-Z as" English alphabet In fact, it should be called" Latin alphabet "Or" Roman alphabet ". Because the 26 letters A-Z in English are Latin letters taken from Latin.
The following is a comparative list of some special nouns used in Latin and English, showing the influence of Latin on English:
English
English translation
Latin
Latin translation
January
January
I ā nus
The god of ends and beginnings
February
February
febris
February is the season for colds.
March
March
Mars
Mars , God of War
May
May
M ā ia
God of spring
June
June
I ū n not
Divine Queen Juneau ; The god of fertility and women
July
July
I ū lius
Cesar His first name (G. Iulius Caesar)
August
August
Augustus
adj. the great, augustus Oh, Augustus King of Ancient Rome
September
September
septem
seven
October
Oct
Oct not
eight
November
November
novem
nine
December
Dec.
decem
ten
English
English translation
Latin
Latin translation
Saturday
Saturday
S ā turnus
Saturn , the God of Agriculture
Mercury
Mercury
Mercurius
Mercury Mercury travels fastest around the sun
Venus
Venus
Venus
Venus God of love and beauty (gold symbolizes beauty)
Mars
Mars
Mars
Mars God of War (red symbolizes blood, blood symbolizes war)
Jupiter
Jupiter
Iuppiter
Jupiter King of the gods (Jupiter is the largest)
Saturn
Saturn
S ā turnus
Saturn, father of Jupiter (Jupiter defeats Saturn; Jupiter is bigger than Saturn)
Uranus
Uranus
Uranum
The ancient Greek god of the sky Uranus , Jupiter Grandfather of
Neptune
Neptune
Nept ū nus
Neptune God of the Sea (blue symbolizes the sea)
Pluto
Pluto
Pl ū t not
Pluto Pluto (Pluto farthest and darkest)
English
English translation
Latin
Latin translation
Aries
Aries
Ari ē s
A surname
Taurus
Taurus
Taurus
Ox
Gemini
Gemini
Gemin: and
twins
Cancer
Cancer
Cancer
Crab
Leo
Leo
Le not
Lion
Virgo
Virgo
Virg not
maiden
Libra
Libra
L: and bra
scale
Scorpio
Scorpio
Scorpi not
Scorpion
Sagittarius
Sagittarius
Sagitt ā rius
Archer
Capricorn
Capricornus
Capricornus
A creature with a sheep on top and a fish on the bottom
Aquarius
Aquarius
Aqu ā rius
A container for water
Pisces
Pisces
Pisc ē s
fish
Note: April "April" and Uranus "Uranus" comes from Greek mythology .

status

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EDITOR
In English, "I" (I] Nominative case ]), "me" (I [ Objective case The words "is," "mother," "brother," and "ten" are actually words that have been spoken by Europeans and Asians in some way for thousands of years. So far, it's not clear how old these words really are. Although their spelling and pronunciation have varied across time and space, the basic elements of these symbols of the human mind have survived across such time and space to the present day. This can be seen in the following short table.
Sanskrit
Greek language
Latin
Anglo -
The Saxon language
Old Irish
Lithuanian
Russian
English
Chinese control
aham
Eg not
ego
ic
-
A š
second (ja)
I
I
M ā
me
M ē
M ē
The me
manee
м е н second (menja)
me
I (accusative)
asti
esti
est
is
is
esti
е с т ь (jest')
is (Third person singular)
is
M ā tar -
M ē t ē r
M ā ter
M not are
máthir
Mot ė
м а т ь (mat')
mother
mother
BHR ā tar -
PHR ē r ā t
Fr ā ter
Br not ð or
bráthir
Broter ė lis
б р а т (brat)
brother
Brother
Da ś am
deka
decem
T: and en
deich
DE š imitis
д е с second т ь (desjat')
ten
ten
These "cognates" in the table are related to each other. Among them, however, the exception is English Anglo-Saxon No language is directly derived from another language. Every other language can be traced back to a common ancestor. This language is now extinct, but its existence can be inferred from the surviving evidence of the language. The ancestral languages of all these "relatives" or cognates (now extinct) are generally called Proto-Indo-European Because its derivations appear near present-day India ( Sanskrit , Iranian ), also in present-day Europe (Greek, Latin, The Germanic language , Celtic , Slavic , in Baltic). The oldest of these languages are Sanskrit, Iranian, Greek and Latin, all dating back to BC.
English is derived from Anglo-Saxon, which is cognate with Latin. Anglo-Saxon The language had earlier borrowed some words from Latin. In the 7th century, more Latin words were absorbed, largely under the influence of the writings of St. Augustine of Canterbury (not the famous St. Augustine of Hippo), who had been sent by Pope Gregory to convert the Angles to Christianity. in William the Conqueror He ruled in 1066 England After that, Norman French became the upper-class language, and Anglo-Saxon was regarded as the inferior language spoken by the defeated and serfs. Anglo-Saxon no longer is Literary language It has become a part of everyday life Local dialect . However, after another two centuries or so, the Anglo-Saxon language was reasserted as the descendants of the Normans finally integrated with the local English. But because of its own poverty, it had to borrow hundreds of French words in literature, thought, and culture before it became a literary language. In the 13th and 14th centuries, as borrowing increased, Middle English Slowly developed, and its representative died in 1400 Geoffrey Chaucer . In addition to these French words with Latin roots that were absorbed, there were other words that were borrowed directly from Latin. By the 16th and 17th centuries, Renaissance This process was reinforced by a renewed interest in classical works. Since then, Latin has been the source of many new words, especially scientific words.
Examples of words derived from Latin in English
English
Chinese control
Latin cognate
English derivative
Chinese control
mother
mother
M ā ter
maternal
Maternal; maternal
two
two
duo
dual,duel
Dual; Double; dual
tooth
tooth
DNS, stem dent-
dental
Dental; dental
foot
Feet (singular)
P-s, stem ped-
pedal
footboard
heart
heart
cor, stem cord-
cordial
Heartfelt; sincere
bear
Bear (a child)
Fer not
fertile
Fertile, productive
Since English is spoken through Anglo-Saxon And Latin homology Moreover, English has borrowed many words directly or indirectly from Latin, so it is easy to use English words to illustrate homology and derivation. For example, the word "brother" is cognate with the Latin word "frter" and "brother". fraternal "(Fraternal) is obviously derived from" frater." [4]

Common words and quotes

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EDITOR

Common expressions

  • Salv ē te! Hello!
  • Val ē te! See you later!
  • Bonum vesperum! Good afternoon!
  • Bonam noctem! Good night!
  • Quis es t? Who are you?
  • Loquerisne linguam Lat?? nam? Do you speak Latin?
  • Quid est n Pommen tibi? What's your name?
  • N Native men mihi est "Mark". My name is Mark. (Mark generally corresponds to the Latin Masha rcus, N native men mihi est "masha rcus".)
  • Quaes not Please.
  • I Am not happy please
  • Quid agis hodi? How are you today?
  • Bene vale girls! Nice!
  • Libenter feci! You're welcome!
  • Optim ē! Very good!
  • Pessimus! It's bad!
  • Pessim ē! Very bad!
  • Bene! Not bad!
  • Satis bene. Just so-so.
  • Nōn bene. Not so good.
  • Et t mail? How about you?
  • Veni woman ex terra xxx. I am from xxx.
  • Benefici mother tu mother! Thank you very much!
  • Cert. (S? c est) That's true.
  • Nōn est. It's not.
  • Nunc. Right now.
  • Was ē. today.
  • Its ehrs and. yesterday.
  • Cr ā s. tomorrow.
  • Semper. All the time.
  • H and c. here.
  • Mox t to vid b. See you next time.
  • Bene tibi veniat. Good luck to you.
  • Si valetis gaude girl, ego vale girl. If you're good, I'm happy. I'm good. This was a common greeting used by ancient Romans to write letters, and was shortened only to "S.V.G.E.V." [5] )

Famous saying

  • Jus est ars boni et aequi "Law is the art of goodness and justice."
  • Nec hostium timete, nec amicum reusate "Do not fear your enemies, and do not reject your friends."
  • VENI VIDI VICI "I come, I see, I conquer." - Julius Caesar
  • Fortiter in r, su ha viter in mod "Be firm in action and gentle in attitude."
  • S? v? s? p? cem? par? bellum? "If you want peace, prepare for war." - Vergetius (Flavius Vegetius Renatus)
  • Nil desperandum "Never despair."
  • Nemo mē impune lacessit "No one can deceive me and get away with it."
  • Tempus fugit "Time flies." (English: Time Flies) -- Virgil
  • Vox populi, vox Dei "Public opinion is providence."
  • Salus populi suprema lex esto "The interests of the people come first." The good of the people is the supreme law. - Virgil
  • Non sibi, sed omnibus "Not for myself, but for all."
  • c git victims erg victims sum up :" I think, therefore I am " - Descartes
  • annus mirabilis : "A year of miracles" or "an amazing year." -- From the English poet Dryden's poem commemorating the Great Fire of London in 1666
  • annus horribilis : "A terrible year" or "a disastrous year." - Queen of England Queen Elizabeth II Call 1992
  • E pluribus unum :" E pluribus unum " - Emblem of the United States One of the aphorisms on
  • Qui tacet consentit "Silence is acquiescence."
  • Carpe diem : "Carpe diem." -- from Horace The Book of Songs
  • Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno "One for all and all for one." (English: One for all, all for one) -- Switzerland National motto, Alexandre Dumas The motto of
  • Veritas : "The truth." - Harvard University School motto
  • Mens et Manus "Use your hands and your head." - Massachusetts Institute of Technology School motto
  • Sidere mens eadem mutato "Stars change, wisdom is eternal." - University of Sydney School motto
  • Dei sub numine viget "Let her prosper in the name of God." - Princeton University School motto
  • Lux et veritas "Light and truth." - Yale University School motto
  • Novus ordo seclorum "The New Order of The Times." -- Yale Business School motto
  • Tempus omnia revelat "Time will tell."
  • Hinc lucem et pocula sacra "This is the place of enlightenment, the source of knowledge." - University of Cambridge School motto
  • Dominus Illuminatio Mea "Lord illuminate me." - University of Oxford School motto
  • Sapientia Et Virtus "Wisdom and Virtue (literal translation)" (the official Chinese school motto is "Mingde Gewu", the language is "Mingde Gewu". collegiate ") -- University of Hong Kong School motto
  • Via Veritas Vita "Method, truth, life." -- It is said to be Jesus Christ , University of Glasgow School motto
  • Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus "Do not disturb the sleeping dragon" -- Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry School motto
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