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The collective economy is a socialism that belongs to the collective ownership of the working people, practices common labor, and takes distribution according to work as the main form of distribution
Economic organization
. In our country, collective economy is
Public ownership economy
An important part of the division
Rural collective economy
And urban collective economy. The rural collective economy shall be owned by townships, administrative villages and villagers' groups at three levels.
Water conservancy facilities
They're owned by collectives and built by farmers
homestead
for
Free transfer
. Urban collective economy is divided into"
Big collective
"And"
Small collectives
In which "large collective" enterprises are subject to the government
Trade management
Department head, see
Enterprises owned by the whole people
Management and employee treatment; The "small group" is responsible for its own profits and losses
Independent management
. Collective ownership of workers means equal and common ownership according to the number of workers.
- Chinese name
- Collective economy
- Foreign name
- collective economy
- Distribution mode
- Distribution according to work
- dominance
- Public ownership economy
- Country of origin
- Former Soviet Union
- definition
- Distribution according to work as the main form of distribution Socialist economy Organization.
Collective economy
Collective economy, yes
Means of production
One owned by a portion of the working people
Public ownership economy
.
China Collective Economic Journal
The essence of collective economy is
Cooperative economy
Including labor union and capital union. However, in the history of collective economic development, people only admit that collective economy is the labor union of laborers, weakening or even denying the collective economy also has the characteristics of laborers' capital union. Denying individual property rights of workers is the biggest difference between traditional collective economy and cooperative economy. Therefore, if the collective economy wants to restore its original characteristics of cooperative economy, it must improve the collective economy
Property right system
Make reforms.
In our country, collective economy is
Public ownership economy
An important part of the collective economy embodies the principle of common prosperity, which can widely absorb social dispersed funds and ease
Employment pressure
To increase public wealth and
State tax
To achieve common prosperity.
(1990)
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Rural Collective Ownership Enterprises
(Applicable to enterprises collectively organized by farmers in townships (including towns) and villages (including villagers' groups, the same below). Agricultural producers' cooperatives,
Rural supply and marketing cooperatives
,
Rural credit cooperative
This Regulation shall not apply. Although the township is the grass-roots people's government, but the township enterprises are not state-owned enterprises, but belong to
Rural collective economy
Enterprise. Rural supply and marketing cooperatives, credit cooperatives,
Producers' cooperative
Such as cooperative nature
Economic organization
Not belong to
Collective economic organization
.
Collective economic organization
with
Cooperative economic organization
Are two different things.
1992 "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Enterprises under Collective Ownership in Cities and Towns" Implementation Rules for Commercial Enterprises (including: commercial sector
Leadership and management
Commerce of
Circulation industry
,
Catering industry
, service industry,
Repair service
,
Warehousing industry
And have...
Collective commerce
Other trades of nature)
1992 Urban transport
Enterprise under collective ownership
"
Measures for the implementation of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Enterprises under Collective Ownership in Cities and Towns
(including: road, water passenger and cargo transport, loading and unloading, handling,
Vehicle maintenance
Etc.
transportation
Urban collective-owned enterprises in the service sector or engaging in other industries
Traffic system
Enterprises under collective ownership in cities and towns.
1993 "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Enterprises under Collective Ownership in Cities and Towns" Implementation Rules for Light Industry (applicable to light industry enterprises under collective ownership in cities and towns, including enterprises under collective ownership in other industries within the light industry system)
1994 Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Enterprises under Collective Ownership in Cities and Towns in Tianjin
And so on
The collective economy, i.e
Collective ownership
The economy. To trace the roots, "collective ownership" was first proposed by Marx. In 1874 he concluded"
Paris Commune
"Important lessons of failure when pointed out,
proletariat
After taking power, measures will be taken in the capacity of the government, "which should be promoted from the beginning.
Private ownership of land
The transition to collective ownership, to be carried out by the peasants themselves through the economic road; But measures that offend the peasants, such as a declaration of abolition, cannot be taken
Right of inheritance
Or abolish peasant ownership "("
Marx and Engels Complete works
Vol. 18, p. 695).
From Marx's passage, we can see that collective ownership is different from
Private ownership
A kind of
Public ownership
The form cannot be taken to abolish the peasants
Individual ownership
It is necessary to realize the transition from private ownership of peasant land to collective ownership through the economic road. But he did not offer a specific form of economic path. After Marx's death, in November 1894 Engels wrote a book
The Franco-German peasant question
"When we have mastered
State power
We will never use violence to dispossess small farmers (regardless of whether they are paid or not)... Our task for small farmers is, first and foremost, to bring their
Private production
And private ownership, transformed into co-operative production and co-operative ownership ". This shows that cooperatives were a road from small farmers to collective ownership of the economy. The year 1895
International cooperative alliance
Established to promote the standardization and development of the cooperative movement. The principle of international cooperatives, in which members own and control the enterprise, is indivisible
Public accumulation
Labor patronage has become the basic characteristics of cooperatives. In general, the property of a cooperative consists of members' contribution as shares, as well as members
co-ownership
The accumulation part.
In Lenin's book
On cooperative system
The article clearly stated: "Under the existing system in our country,
Cooperative enterprise
With private
Capitalist enterprise
It is different because a cooperative enterprise is a collective enterprise."
Private ownership
Based under the leadership of the proletariat
State power
Under management
Working people
A collective economic organization of the masses." According to the practice of the cooperative movement, the revolutionary teacher proposed that the cooperative is
Collective ownership
The form of realization.
The "two united" further clarifies the new characteristics of China's collective economy, which expands the realization form of collective ownership from cooperatives to various new realization forms such as stock cooperation and employee-owned enterprises that have emerged since the reform and opening up.
Financial management process of rural collective economic organizations
According to the data, the collective economy is not only present in our country
Enterprise system
The advantages of the broad prospects for development, and in foreign countries the collective economic components have also quietly emerged. Such as
Spain
Mondragon
, British industry
Joint ownership
Movement, the United States employee stock ownership plan, the Canadian cooperative, the Japanese Agricultural Cooperative, etc. The process of development of productive forces and enterprise institutions proves that
Collective ownership
The economic boundary between private ownership and
State ownership
between
ownership
Form comes into being with the development of productive forces. Whether in the primary stage of socialism in China, or in the world
Developed country
The collective economic components are forward-looking and have broad space for survival and development
Institutional arrangement
.
The theoretical analysis of the bipolar world points out that the collective economy is
Socialist country
Work out
Livelihood issues
The main means.
capitalism
Developing country
Underdeveloped countries, in particular, lack a large-scale collective economy, and their ability to control prices and solve livelihood problems is very low.
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According to statistics from relevant departments, by the end of 2001, the number of collectively owned enterprises nationwide had dropped from 3.38 million in 1991 to 2.2 million, an average annual rate of decline of more than 100,000. The number of employees dropped from 36.28 million in 1991 to 12.41 million, an annual decline of more than 2 million.
Staff and workers of collective enterprises
In 2001, the average salary of urban employees in the country was 10,453 yuan, and that of collective enterprise employees was only 6,667 yuan, 40% lower than the average level. The average annual living expenses of urban employees leaving their jobs in the country were 2,020 yuan, and that of collective enterprise employees was 789 yuan, 60% lower than the average level. Due to the lagging reform, the collective economic reform highlights several major problems:
At present, collective enterprises are still following the "law" promulgated in September 1991.
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Enterprises under Collective Ownership in cities and towns
With the deepening of the reform, these regulations have long been unable to solve the contradictions and problems encountered in the reform of collective enterprises, and even hindered the pace of collective enterprise reform.
Table of accounting accounts of village collective economic organizations
Whether it is taxation, financing, mergers, bankruptcy, or the dissolution of labor relations, the state has not introduced any policies aimed at supporting the reform of collective enterprises, although they are all part of the same
Public enterprise
Collective enterprises and state-owned enterprises in
Policy environment
There is a huge difference. This is mainly reflected in four aspects:
(1) From the perspective of financing policy, bank loans have always been "state-owned before collective";
(2) From the perspective of merger and bankruptcy reform, the realization of assets of state-owned enterprises in bankruptcy is first used to settle employees, while the realization of assets of collective enterprises in bankruptcy is first used to repay debts, and state-owned enterprises are bankrupt
Employee relocation expenses
by
Financial sector
Reveal the whole story;
(3) From the perspective of the policy of dissolving labor relations, the laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises are distributed, and the state gives basic living expenses, and the finance, social security and enterprises are lifted, while the laid-off workers of collective enterprises are not allowed to enjoy
Laid-off workers
Basic living security; When employees of state-owned enterprises dissolve or change their labor relations, the state allows economic compensation, while employees of collective enterprises do not have such a policy;
(4) From
Tax policy
Look, the past is executing
Repay a loan before tax
When the policy is adopted, various support loans of state-owned enterprises can be repaid before tax, while only 60% of loans of collective enterprises can be repaid before tax, and the remaining 40% must be used
After-tax profit
Return it.
The property right is the core of all the contradictions that beset the reform and development of collective economy. The property right relationship of collective enterprises is very complicated. The main problems are unclear subject of property right, unclear ownership and difficult definition.
Nominally, the property rights of collective enterprises belong to the working people
Joint possession
But in fact, whether it is the choice of operators, the decision-making of major projects, or
Income on assets
And disposal, are not decided by the staff of collective enterprises, this "collective ownership, in fact, the staff empty" property rights state, so that the reform of collective enterprises lack of power subject, quality subject and risk subject, and eventually fall into the collective enterprise management and operators lack of reform motivation due to lack of property rights, staff empty nominal property rights without
Decision-making power
And the embarrassment of being unable to push through reforms.
Aim at
Collective ownership
The difficulties and problems faced by the economy in reform and development should be based on the long-term, focus on the present, and adhere to scientific measures
Development view
And earnestly solve them by means of reform and development. Therefore, focusing on clarifying property rights, deepening collective reform and developing various forms of collective economy have become inevitable requirements. Only right
Collective enterprise
Only through thorough restructuring can collective enterprises gain new life.
Collective economic annual financial statements
The first is to introduce new nationwide collective economic reform and restructuring as soon as possible
Laws and regulations
Clarify the ownership of collective assets and clarify the subject of property rights of collective enterprises. New laws and regulations must break through the restriction that collective assets can only be shared and define the modern collective economy as
Cooperative economy
.
Second, in accordance with the principle of "who invests, who owns" and "who accumulates, who owns", in accordance with the ownership of workers in a certain region and the collective ownership of the working masses within the scope of the joint economy
Staff and workers of collective enterprises
Different boundaries of collective ownership by the working masses to clarify the subject of property rights of collective assets. From the historical and realistic point of view, although there are components of investment accumulation in collective assets, a larger number of collective enterprise employees
National policy
Under the support, through their own labor and bear the corresponding risks to create accumulation. Therefore, there is no clarity in collective enterprises
Investment entity
Assets other than the rights and interests of the investment entity shall belong to the assets accumulated by the working people.
Third, the restructured collective enterprises shall simultaneously dismiss their employees
Labor relations
And according to the employee
Length of service
The factors of entrepreneurial contribution, technological innovation and job responsibility are different, and economic compensation will be given. The labor relations and identity of workers in collective enterprises are formed in history, when the state advocated universal employment, but it was unable to change
Employed population
With the method of all workers all down, we have to adopt two different methods of employment for all people and collective workers, obviously, collective workers are
Planned economy
Employment system
The product of...
Statement of collective economic income and income distribution
The fourth is to give due consideration to the interests of retired employees of collective enterprises. The assets of the collective enterprise are jointly owned by the employees of the collective enterprise, and should include the retired old employees, so the collective enterprise is in progress
Reform of property rights system
Two problems should be solved at the same time: clarify the property rights of the employees of the collective enterprise to the enterprise, and set aside an asset to supplement the retired employees
Social security
The deficiency and solve the difficulties of life.
Fifth, the associated organizations should be converted
Cooperative economy
Trade management
Coordinating body
. For a long time,
Handicraft cooperative
,
Supply and marketing cooperative
Such associations are organized through member units
Profit turned over to the state
and
Management fee
Form cooperation
Enterprise fund
And then some of the funds are invested or lent to the collective enterprises under their jurisdiction
Administrative department
Is also an investor, become "mother-in-law plus boss". However, in terms of its root cause, the assets of the joint agency are actually transformed from the assets of the collective enterprises under its jurisdiction, so the net assets of the joint agency are not owned by the staff of the joint agency, and the assets should be returned to the working people within the scope of the joint agency reform.
Sixth, we must clarify the government departments responsible for collective economic reform and restructuring policies. At present, many collective economic reforms and restructuring
Major problem
No government department has the overall responsibility for research, which is the institutional reason for the long-term lag in the reform and restructuring of the collective economy. Government departments should not only be responsible for formulating policies for collective economic reform and restructuring, but also be responsible for guiding the implementation of policies in all localities. If the organization is not implemented, everything is empty talk. It is worth noting that due to the complexity of property rights, the reform of collective enterprises should also be classified and promoted under the guidance of policies, step by step, and avoid "one-size-fits-all", and strive to be standardized and stable.
Since the 1980s, China has carried out reforms to collective enterprises, such as changing the competent departments to unified revenue and expenditure, unified profit and loss to enterprises independent operation, self-responsibility for profit and loss, changing the production type to the production and management type, and changing the single
Fixed wage
A variety of distribution according to work
Wage distribution
Form, and restore the labor dividend system, take the lead in implementing and improving a variety of forms
Contract management responsibility system
With the enterprise internal support reform and so on, received a good effect.
But these reforms were not resolved
Enterprise property right
This key question, along with
macroeconomy
With the gradual deepening of the system, some collective enterprises began to focus on the reform of the property rights system
Enterprise system innovation
Especially since the 1990s, it has been characterized by employee stock ownership
Stock cooperative system
Enterprises and employees
Holding company
A large number of emergence, the formation of state-owned, collective, individual property rights of the combination of mixed cooperative economy. Profound changes have taken place in the collective economic form:
By tradition
Production and management
Institutional orientation
Capital operation
Institutional transformation;
From the traditional enterprise industry system gradually to the modern property rights system transformation. The accelerated pace of reform has yielded obvious results.
Taking traditional collective enterprises as an example, since the reform, enterprises have been reduced by 48% and diversified
Investment entity
Enterprises have developed rapidly, in 1998 compared with 1996, the average annual growth of 70%, according to 2000 statistics, more than 100 counties and more collective enterprises have been restructured
Stock cooperative system
,
Limited liability company
Accounting for 78% of the total number of enterprises, and the formation of enterprise groups to implement joint, merger, leasing, contracting,
Sino-foreign joint venture
, sale, partnership, private, public ownership of private, etc.
The reform and restructuring promoted the new development of the collective economy. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2000, compared with 1998, the number of collective enterprises above designated size decreased significantly, while the average assets of multi-family enterprises increased from 18.67 million yuan to 26.82 million yuan, an increase of 43.7%;
Enterprise development speed
Speed up, in 2002 the national scale above the collective, industrial enterprises
Gross value of production
1,364.4 billion yuan, accounting for 12.4% of the total national output value, enterprises
Economic benefit
A substantial increase.
However, there are quite a number of collective enterprises due to the heavy burden of history, plus
Old idea
and
Property right system
The influence of tradition is difficult to break out
Management mode
, in
Market economy
In trouble. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects: the traditional collective economy is in a shrinking state, collective enterprises and employees are greatly reduced, profits are falling, the corporate debt ratio is high, the loss of collective assets is serious, and people are leaving their jobs.
Laid-off workers
Life is difficult, etc. Facts have proved that there is no way out for traditional collective enterprises without deepening reform.
Examples of collective economic success:
Nanjie Village is familiar to everyone. It is...
collectivism
Synonymous with the economy. Adhering to the principle of collectivism, Nanjie village has almost achieved common prosperity, stable economic development, social harmony, and people live and work happily. The key to the success of Nanjie Village is to seek truth from facts, adapt to local conditions and adhere to collectivism.
Nanjie Village is located in Henan Province
Lin Ying
The south corner of the county, close to 107 National highway, the west
Beijing-guangzhou Railway
The east of Beijing Pearl
expressway
. The village has two ethnic groups, Hui and Han, a total of 848 households, 3180 people, 1000 acres of arable land, a total area of 1.78
Square kilometer
. The village has 26 village enterprises, such as
Pulled noodles
Factories, etc. In 1984, the total output value of village enterprises was only 700,000 yuan, and by 1995 it had reached 1.2 billion yuan, achieving rapid development. Since the reform and opening up, Nanjie village has followed the basic line of the Party's "one center, two basic points", adapted to local conditions, vigorously developed the collective economy, and taken the road of collective common prosperity
Material civilization
And the rapid development of spiritual civilization construction.
The fourth National Benevolence
Rural revitalization
Forum - Collective Economic Development and Rural governance work Symposium ", famous
Issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers
Experts, national benevolence township construction
Social enterprise
Alliance general counsel
Wen Tiejun
"Today the central government advocates collective economy, many people do not know what the collective economy is, I tell you that today's collective economy is mainly not engaged in production, but to learn to eat and rent."
[2]
