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The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Osterreich, English: The Republic of Austria), simply referred to as Austria, is the Republic of Austria
Central Europe
A landlocked country in the south. Eastern neighbours
Hungary
and
Slovakia
, South to
Slovenia
and
Italy
, Siljan
Switzerland
and
Liechtenstein
, North and
Germany
and
Czech Republic
It borders the area of 83,879 square kilometers. It is a temperate broadleaf forest climate with transition from Marine to continental. The average temperature is -2 ° C in January and 19 ° C in July. The country is divided into 9 states, and the capital is
Vienna
.
As of January 2024, Austria has a population of 9.159 million.
[26]
In 996 AD, the name "Austria" was first mentioned in the history books. Formed in the middle of the 12th century during the reign of the Babenburg family
duchy
Became an independent country. The year 1278 begins
The House of Habsburg
A 640-year reign. In the early 18th century,
The House of Habsburg
Unprecedented expansion of territory. The year 1815
Congress of Vienna
After the establishment of the German Confederation under the head of the Austrian, in 1866
Austro-prussian war
The Confederacy was dissolved. Signed with Hungary in 1867, it was established
Austro-hungarian Empire
. The year 1918
World War I
After that, the empire was dissolved and a republic was formed. It was annexed by Germany in March 1938. After World War II, it was occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France. The Second Republic was established in April 1945. In May 1955, the four occupying powers signed the Treaty on the Re-Establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austrian State, declaring their respect for Austria's sovereignty and independence. In October, the occupation forces withdrew and Austria regained its independence. On 26 October, the Austrian National Assembly passed legislation on permanent neutrality, declaring that it would not participate in any military alliance and would not allow the establishment of foreign military bases on its territory. Since 1965, October 26 has been designated as National Olympic Day.
[1]
2022
Gross domestic product
446.9 billion euros,
Gross domestic product per capita
49,160 euros.
[3]
[20]
- Chinese name
- Republic of Austria [1]
- Foreign name
-
German: Republik Osterreich
[1]
English: The Republic of Austria [1] - Abbreviated form
- Austria, Austria
- continent
- Europe
- capital
- Vienna [1]
- Major city
- Graz , Linz , Salzburg , Innsbruck , Klagenfurt , St. Parten Etc.
- National Day
- October 26, 1955
- National song
- " Let's join hands "
- Country code
- AUT
- Official language
- German [1]
- currency
- Euro [1]
- Time zone
- UTC+1
- Political system
- A parliamentary republic
- National leader
- Alexander van der Bellen (President) , Karl Nehammer [11] (Prime Minister)
- Population number
- 9.159 million [26] (As of January 2024)
- Population density
- 107.54 persons/km2 (As of April 1, 2022)
- Major nationality
- Austrians
- Major religion
- Catholicism
- Land area
- 83879 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 1.7%
- Total GDP
- 446.9 billion euros [19] (2022)
- Per capita GDP
- 49,160 euros [1] [19] (2022)
- International telephone area code
- 43
- International domain name abbreviation
- .at
- Road access
- Keep to the right
- Kunishi
- Opal
- National bird
- House swallow
- The national flower
- edelweiss , White snowflake
- State structure form
- federalism
- Largest city
- Vienna
- reputation
- Music kingdom
- Leading institution
- University of Vienna , University of Graz Etc.
- Main attraction
- Musikverein, Vienna Musical Society , Schonbrunn Palace
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪regionalization
- ▪capital
- 5National symbol
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- 6Population nationality
- ▪population
- ▪nation
- 7political
- ▪government
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪dignitaries
- ▪Political party
- ▪judiciary
- 8economy
- ▪summarize
- ▪industry
- ▪agriculture
- ▪tourism
- ▪Service industry
- ▪finance
- ▪Foreign trade
Subject article:
History of Austria
According to archaeological findings, Austria is located in
Paleolithic age
There has been human activity.
Imperial Palace of Vienna
Around 400 BC, there were multiple
Celts
The tribe operates in this area. 15 BC
Roman Empire
Captured the Kingdom of Celtic
Noricum
It was established as a province.
Roman Empire
After the fall of Austria was successively
Huns
,
The Lombards
,
The Ostrogoths
,
The Visigoths
,
Avars
, Bavarians and
Franks
Occupy. A piece of
Slavs
The tribe moved to the Alps and occupied the central and eastern parts of present-day Austria, establishing the Kingdom of Calatania.
The division of Charles's empire
The name Austria is first recorded in 996, when it was written
Ostarrîchi
Is used to express
The House of Babenburg
The frontier territories. It's from 1156
Minor privilege
The elevation of Austria to a duchy; In 1192 the Papenburg dynasty acquired the Duchy of Styria. After the death of Frederick II of Austria in 1246, the Papenburg dynasty became extinct and Austria fell to Bohemia
Przemysl Ottoka II
Hands. However, in 1278, Ottoka II was defeated by the Germans at the Battle of the Frontiers
Rudolf I
From then on until the end of the First World War, Austria continued to suffer
The House of Habsburg
Rule.
The Habsburgs were active in expanding their territory in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1526 Austria won
Bohemia
And the Ottoman Empire did not occupy
Hungary
Friction between the two empires was increasing. September 12, 1683
Battle of Vienna
The Sino-Austrian union came from
Poland
The reinforcements will be besieged
Vienna
Two months
Ottoman Empire
The army defeated. The battle halted the Ottoman Empire's expansion into central and Western Europe and sustained it
The House of Habsburg
Hegemony in Central Europe; A series of military actions followed, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Karlovich in 1699, in which Austria acquired all of Hungary. From then until 1806
Holy Roman Empire
Before their fall, the Habsburgs were equivalent to the Holy Roman Empire.
[2]
with
Prussia
Austria began a long struggle with Prussia for hegemony in the German region. At the same time, Austria also joined forces with Prussia and then
Russia
Participated in the partition of Poland twice (first and third).
The year 1806
Holy Roman Empire
Disintegrated, and two years ago,
Franz I
(i.e., of the Holy Roman Empire
Franz the Second
Emperor) proclaimed himself
Austrian Empire
The emperor of Austria, whose dominion was centered in Austria
The House of Habsburg
A hereditary territory.
In 1867, in order to defuse the Austrian war of 1866
Austro-prussian war
In the shock of the loss to the Empire, the Habsburgs were forced to confront the powerful within the Empire
Hungary
The nobles made a compromise and declared that the Austrian Empire would be changed to something called
The Confederacy
-
Austro-hungarian Empire
In theory, the Hungarian region was upgraded to a kingdom within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with its own king (in the course of the Austro-Hungarian Empire for half a century, the Hungarian king always served as the Austro-Hungarian emperor), parliament, and customs system. This situation lasted until the end of the First World War.
In 1908, the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed it
Bosnia and Herzegovina
That triggered the 1914
Sarajevo incident
And became the trigger for World War I.
After the defeat of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into a number of small states, of which the former
Neletania
The part became the First Austrian Republic (for 11 months between 21 October 1918 and 21 September 1919 called "German Austria") and was banned from the German state (i.e
Weimar Republic
) Merge. In 1938,
Nazi Germany
Came true
German annexation of Austria
Austria was ruled by him for seven years until the end of World War II.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, Austria was ruled
Allied countries
And were occupied by Soviet forces until 1955
Austrian state treaties
Until signed. Declared in Austria to be
A permanent neutral state
After the withdrawal of the occupying armies, Austria eventually gained independence and became the Second Austrian Republic.
After the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe in 1989, Austria gradually became involved in more European integration and joined in 1995
European Union
It joined the euro in 1999.
[2]
Austria is a landlocked country in southern Central Europe. Eastern neighbours
Slovakia
and
Hungary
, South to
Slovenia
And Italy, Silien
Switzerland
and
Liechtenstein
, north with Germany and
Czech Republic
It borders the area of 83,879 square kilometers.
[1]
Landforms of Austria
Austria is a temperate broad-leaved forest with a transition from Marine to continental climate. The climate in the east and west is different. The west is affected by the Atlantic Ocean, showing the characteristics of Marine climate, with small temperature difference and heavy rain. The east has a continental climate with relatively large temperature differences and much less rainfall. The average temperature is -2 ° C in January and 19 ° C in July. In July, the temperature is 14 to 19 degrees Celsius, and the highest temperature is only 32 degrees Celsius. Winter is cold, the temperature generally reaches below zero degrees Celsius.
Minerals are mainly graphite, magnesium, lignite, iron, oil, natural gas and so on. Rich in forest and water resources, the forest area is 3.75 million hectares, with a forest coverage rate of 44.7%. Timber storage capacity is 1.135 billion cubic meters.
[3]
Subdivisions of Austria
Vienna
(Vienna) is the exception to New York and
Geneva
Outside, the third United Nations city. It is also the cradle of European classical music and the world famous music capital. One of the four official sites of the United Nations,
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
,
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
and
International Atomic Energy Agency
The location of the headquarters.
Population: 200.2 million (October 2023).
[3]
[22]
Flag of Austria
Coat of arms of Austria
The mountains are towering, the rivers are mighty, the minarets are towering, the crops are full of hope, the hammer is swinging, the future is boundless.
You are the homeland of great children, you are the homeland of good people, Austria is famous.
Fight hard, fight hard, you are a strong heart, jumping in the middle of the continent.
You were born in ancient times, with a noble mission on your shoulders, and Austria has been tried and tested.
Stride forward, free and unhindered, boldly into a new era, working happily, trusting in the future.
As of January 1, 2023, Austria had a population of 9.106 million.
[15]
Ethnic Austrians make up 88.8% of the country's population
Slovenians
,
Croat
and
Hungarians
About 0.5% of the population. Official language
German
. 61.4% of the population believes in it
Catholicism
.
[3]
The wave of Chinese immigration to Austria began in the 1970s and there are about 30,000 Chinese in Austria. Austrian overseas Chinese leaders estimate that 90% of Chinese in Austria work in the catering industry. According to Austria in May 2012
The News
The first Chinese restaurant in Austria was born in 1940 and has grown to about 1,200.
[4]
On 7 January 2020, the People's Party and the Green Party formed a coalition government with 14 ministries, with the following members: Prime Minister Karl Nehammer (People's Party), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Arts, Culture, Civil Service and Sport Werner Kogler (Green Party), Finance Minister Magnus Brunner (People's Party), Chancellery Minister for EU and Constitution Karoline Edtstadler (women, People's Party), Minister for Climate Protection, Environment, Energy, Transport, Innovation and Technology Leonore Gewessler (women, Green Party), Interior Minister Gerhard Karner (People's Party), Labor and Economy Minister Martin Kocher (People's Party), Education and Research Minister Martin Polaschek (People's Party), Minister for Women, Family, Immigrant Inclusion and Media Susanne Raab (women, People's Party), Minister for Social Welfare, Health, Care and Consumer Protection Johannes Rauch (Green Party), Minister of European and International Affairs Alexander Schallenberg (People's Party), Minister of Defence Klaudia Tanner (women, People's Party), Minister of Agriculture, Regions and Water Nobert Totschnig (People's Party) People's Party), the Minister of Justice, Alma Zadiic (female, Green Party), and, in addition, one State secretary each for the Ministry of Labour and Economy, the Ministry of Arts, Culture, Civil Service and Sports, the Prime Minister's Office and the Ministry of Finance.
[26]
Carry out
federalism
and
Parliamentary democracy
Under the Prime minister responsibility system.
[3]
The current Constitution came into force on November 10, 1920. Two annexes were adopted in 1925 and 1929. The Constitution was abolished in 1934. After the Austrian reconstruction in 1945, the 1920 Constitution and the two annexes were declared to remain in force. According to the Constitution, Austria is a federal republic, and the president is the head of state, elected by popular vote for a six-year term. The Prime Minister is the head of government for a term of five years.
[3]
It consists of the National Assembly and the Federal Assembly. The National Assembly makes laws, presides over the inauguration of a new government, and may remove the Federal Government and its members by a vote of no confidence. The Federal Assembly, representing the interests of the states, has the right to reject proposed laws passed by the National Assembly, but if the National Assembly insists on the original law, the Federal Assembly may not raise further objections. The 183-member National Assembly is elected by proportional representation for a five-year term. On 29 September 2019, the Austrian National Assembly held an early election, with 71 seats for the People's Party, 40 seats for the Social Democrats, 30 seats for the Freedom Party, 26 seats for the Greens, 15 seats for the New Austria Party, and 1 seat for independents. The current speaker is Wolfgang Sobotka (People's Party) for a five-year term. The 61-member Federal Parliament is elected by the states in proportion to their population, and the Speaker is elected by the states for a six-month term. The Speaker of the Bundestag for the first half of 2024 will be Margit Poll (female, People's Party).
[26]
President: Alexander van der Bellen. Born in January 1944. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1994. Since 1997, he has been chairman of the Green Party and Chairman of the Parliamentary Group. He was elected President on 4 December 2016 as an independent candidate and took office on 26 January 2017. In October 2022, Pham was re-elected as Federal president.
Prime Minister: Karl Nehammer. Born in October 1972, he graduated from Kremsdonau University with a master's degree in Political Communication. He served in the Austrian Federal Army as an infantry officer and information officer. After retiring from the army, he worked in communication training and has been active in the federal and local bodies of the People's Party. General Secretary of the People's Party from 2018 to 2020. He became Minister of the Interior in January 2020. He was inaugurated as Prime Minister on 6 December 2021.
[3]
[14]
[21]
|
Political party
|
nature
|
introduce
|
|---|---|---|
|
Austrian People's Party (Osterreichische Volkspartei)
|
The ruling party
|
It was founded as the Christian Socialist Party in 1887 and changed to its current name in 1945. Chairman Karl Nehammer.
|
|
Green Party (Die Grunen)
|
The ruling party
|
Formerly known as Greenpeace. Established in 1986. Chairman Werner Kogler.
|
|
Freedom Party of Austria (Freiheitliche Partei Osterreichs)
|
Party out of power
|
It was formed in 1955 as the "Union of Independents" and formed a coalition government with the Socialist Party in 1983-1986. He came to power in coalition with the People's Party in February 2000, but lost power after a split in the party in 2005. In December 2017, it formed a coalition government with the People's Party, and in May 2019, the ruling coalition broke down due to the "Russia-gate" video scandal of the then party chairman. President Herbert Kickl.
|
|
Social Democratic Party of Austria (Sozialdemokratische Partei Osterreichs)
|
Party out of power
|
Founded in 1889. He came to power in 1919-20 and was banned in 1934. It was renamed the Socialist Party in 1945 and changed to its current name in 1991. Chairman Andreas Babler.
|
|
New Austria Party (NEOS, Das Neue Osterreich)
|
Party out of power
|
It was founded on 27 October 2012 by Austrian entrepreneur Matthias Strotz. President Beate Meinl-Reisinger (female).
[3]
[16]
[18]
|
There are three court systems in the country: the Constitutional Court, which hears cases involving the Constitution and, in particular, disputes between the regional and federal governments, with President Christoph Grabenwarter; The Administrative Court, responsible for cases of administrative disputes involving official institutions and their staff, President Rudolf Thienel; The Supreme Court, responsible for criminal and civil cases, is headed by President Georg Kodek.
[26]
Key economic data are as follows:
|
Gross domestic product
|
477.2 billion euros (2023)
|
|
Gross domestic product per capita
|
49,160 euros (2022).
|
|
GDP growth rate
|
- 0.8% (2023)
|
|
Currency name
|
Euro (Euro).
|
|
Inflation rate
|
4.2% (March 2024)
|
|
Unemployment rate
|
5.1%. (2023)
|
|
Reference materials:
[26]
|
|
Industrial output in 2022 was 116.8 billion euros, an increase of 10.2%. The main categories include machinery manufacturing, electronics and automobile manufacturing, construction and so on. (Source: Statistics Austria website)
[26]
There are 380,000 industrial employees.
The machinery industry, including metal processing, machinery and equipment manufacturing, is the largest industry in Austria, with about 1,900 enterprises, accounting for about 1/4 of Austria's industrial output value. The Austrian machinery industry invests around 480 million euros annually in research and development. Special machinery, custom machinery and boiler construction are the core competencies of the Austrian machinery industry.
The chemical industry is one of the most important industrial sectors in Austria. According to the Austrian National Investment Promotion Agency (ABA), the chemical industry accounts for about 1/10 of the total industrial output. In 2010, there were about 280 chemical companies in Austria, employing 41,700 people, with an annual turnover of about 14.2 billion euros, and 70% of their products were exported. Nearly 1,000 multinational companies, including BASF, Beiersdorf and Henkel, have their Eastern European regional headquarters in Austria.
There are about 700 companies in the Austrian automotive industry, employing 150-200,000 people and with an annual turnover of around 21.5 billion euros. When related industries and services are included, the total number of jobs in the auto industry is 370,000, equivalent to one in every eight jobs in the auto industry.
[4]
The output value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in 2022 was 5.87 billion euros, an increase of 19.3%. Agriculture is developed and highly mechanized. (Source: Statistics Austria website)
[26]
Tourism is well developed. In 2022, 136 million overnight visitors will be received, of which 39.79 million are foreign tourists. Foreign visitors mainly come from Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Belgium and Italy. (Source: Austrian Tourist Board website)
[26]
The service sector plays an important role in the Austrian economy. In 2013, services accounted for 69.8% of Austria's gross domestic product (excluding taxes and subsidies), while industry accounted for about 28.7% and agriculture only 1.5%. Compared with other developed economies, Austria has a relatively high proportion of industry and a moderate proportion of services, and this economic structure is considered to be relatively resilient to crises. The Austrian economy proved resilient during the financial crisis and recession, and has performed better than most other EU member states during the recovery.
[4]
In 2023, public debt is 371.1 billion euros, equivalent to 77.8 percent of GDP. (Source: Statistics Austria website)
[26]
Foreign trade plays an important role in the economy. The main import and export products are machinery and automobiles, processed goods, chemicals, and other manufactured goods. (Source: Statistics Austria website)
[16]
Currency: Euro, 1 euro =100 cents (as of March 6, 2024, 1 euro =7.7335 yuan)
[5]
[23]
.
Foreign direct investment in 2022 is 238.4 billion euros, mainly in Germany, the United States, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Poland and other countries. (Source: Austrian Central Bank website)
[26]
Foreign direct investment in Austria in 2022 stands at 191.2 billion euros. The main sources of investment are Germany, Russia, Switzerland, the United States and so on. (Source: Austrian Central Bank website)
[26]
Development assistance in 2022 amounted to €1.75 billion, or 0.39% of GNP. (Source: Austrian Development Agency website)
[26]
The official language of Austria is
German
The spoken language uses a variety of dialects of Upper German (Lower Alemannic, Bavarian, and Lower Bavarian), which are quite different from the written language. There are also some differences between the Austrian German standard and the German standard used in Germany.
Austrian history has produced many world-renowned musicians:
Haydn
,
Mozart
,
Schubert
,
Johann Strauss
Others were born in Germany but have lived in Austria for a long time
Beethoven
Let's wait. In more than two centuries, these music masters have left an extremely rich cultural heritage for Austria and formed a unique national cultural tradition. The Salzburg Festival in Austria is one of the oldest, highest level and largest classical music festivals in the world. annual
Vienna New Year's Concert
It is the most listened-to concert in the world. Built in 1869, the Royal Opera House (now known as
Vienna State Opera
It is one of the most famous opera houses in the world
Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
It is widely regarded as the world's premier symphony orchestra.
The Daffodil Festival is Austria's largest flower-themed folk festival, during which the "Daffodil princess" of the year is selected, and floats and flower boats are held. The 2009 Bad Osse Daffodil Festival marks its 50th year
Vienna Brass Festival
Austria performs at the 30th Vienna Brass Festival in downtown Vienna on June 6, 2009. From Austria,
Poland
About 2,000 musicians from 40 brass bands from Slovakia, Liechtenstein and other countries participated in the performance and parade
In the southern Austrian state of Kernton, a small alpine town named Friesach, Friesach was founded in the Middle Ages, is the first town in Kernton, and is the only place on the north-south commercial corridor of Austria at that time. Since 1996, residents of the town have developed a tradition of holding a three-day "Medieval Festival" on the last weekend of July every year to commemorate the founding of the old town. During the festival, all traces of modernization in the town are covered with wheat grass, sacks and other things, and the town residents, both men and women and young and old, wear medieval clothing to simulate the life of that era in an all-round way.
Harvest Festival
Harvest Festival
What began as a harvest celebration of slightly religious Thanksgiving by local farmers has become a stage for farmers to showcase their produce and promote the sale and circulation of their own produce.
Potato Festival
Grasse's Potato Festival began in 1997 and has grown to become the largest autumn festival of trade and food in the region. Each year, the Potato festival on the first weekend of October attracts at least 13,000 visitors to the town of just 1,400 residents.
In September 1955, the Austrian Defense Act created the Federal Army. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The National Security Council is the general advisory body of the Federal Government on matters of foreign affairs, security and defence. It consists of the Federal Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, defence, interior and Justice, and representatives of parliamentary groups in Parliament, with the Federal Prime Minister as its chairman and the Federal Army Chief of Staff as its non-voting members. The Ministry of Defense is the highest military command organ, and in peacetime, the Federal Government authorizes the Secretary of Defense to exercise command over the Federal Army. The Chief of the General Staff is the highest military adviser to the Minister of Defense and acts on behalf of the Minister of Defense in the direction of the Austrian military operations in and out of the country. The Joint Operations Command is a strategic command that provides unified command of ground and air forces. The Austrian Army is in compulsory service for six months. Obama has long pursued a policy of neutrality. Since joining the European Union in 1995, it has actively participated in the construction of the common defense of the European Union. Since 1996, he has participated in several UN peacekeeping operations. In January 2017, Austria announced its participation in the EU's "permanent structured defence cooperation" on a basis that does not affect its neutrality. Defence expenditure in 2022 is 2.596 billion euros, or 1.1% of the gross national product. In July 2023, Austria joined Germany's European Sky Shield Initiative, which aims to enhance air defense capabilities through joint procurement of missile defense systems.
[26]
The total length of highways in China is about 125,000 kilometers, of which 2,144 kilometers are expressways and high-grade highways. Road freight volume in 2019 was 402 million tons. Austrian road traffic is extensive, expressways and federal roads are free roads, but autobahns and some multi-lane roads are toll roads.
[12]
The total length of railway in operation is 5,575 km. 295 million passenger trips will be made by railway in 2022. 103 million tons of rail freight will be transported in 2022.
[26]
The special geographical position of Austria makes it a rail transit hub that runs through the east, southwest and northern Europe. Vienna Central Railway station was officially put into use at the end of 2014, and passengers can achieve direct east-west and north-south traffic without much trouble, and rail transport will be faster. The new Eurasian Road Bridge line, which opened in early 2009, takes just over two weeks from northern China to central Austria, providing a new convenience for trade. Hub stations such as Vienna, Salzburg, Graz, Innsbruck have several trains to all parts of the country as well as to major cities in neighbouring countries. The main railway routes in Austria are as follows:
East-west: Vienna - Linz - Salzburg (into Germany), Salzburg - Innsbruck - Feldkirch - Bregenz (into Switzerland), Salzburg - Bischofshofen - Selzthal - Graz (into Slovenia).
North-south: Linz - Graz (into Slovenia), Vienna - Bruck an der Mur - Klagenfurt - Firach (into Italy), Bruck - Graz (into Slovenia), Innsbruck - Brenner (into Italy).
[12]
Austria has a relatively strong air passenger and cargo capacity in central Europe, and is one of the most important airports in Central and Eastern Europe, with a 3-hour flight from here to the major cities of any European country, and is also one of the two international airports in Central and Eastern Europe with direct routes to China. Once one of the best airlines in the world, Austrian Airlines was bought by Lufthansa in 2009 due to poor management. In 2020, due to the impact of the epidemic, Austria's national civil air passenger traffic, freight and postal traffic have declined sharply.
There are direct flights from Vienna to major cities in the surrounding countries. Six cities - Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz and Salzburg - have international airports, and there are international flights to Austria from all over the world. Austrian Airlines and Air China have launched direct flights from Vienna to Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. China's Hainan Airlines launched direct flights between Shenzhen and Vienna in autumn 2018.
[12]
The Danube, which originates in Germany, flows for 350 kilometers through Austria, making Austria one of the main operators of this international river, with a certain proportion of passengers and freight. Especially in summer, the Danube River tour has become one of the main items of Austrian tourism. Austria will transport 8.247 million tons of freight by sea in 2020.
[12]
broadcast
Radio Austria (ORF) is the largest television and radio station in Austria.
television
The largest television stations in Austria are Austrian Television 1 (0RF1) and Austrian Television 2 (0RF2). Private TV stations include ATV.
Network media
Aktien Portal, Austria Today, Austrian Times, etc.
The press
There are about 259 kinds of newspapers, including 27 daily newspapers and 229 weekly newspapers. The main newspapers are the Crown, The Tabloids, The Courier, The News, the Standard, Newsweek, Profile, and Trend.
[3]
[18]
News agency
News agencies in Austria are Austria Presse Agentur and Pressetext Austria.
[4]
The Austrian Press Agency was established in 1946 to provide Austrian newspapers and radio with news from the world's major agencies, and sometimes to publish Austrian official news.
[18]
School-age children enjoy nine years of compulsory education, and tuition fees, books and school transportation expenses are borne by the state. Holders of a high school diploma are exempt from entrance examinations. By 2021, there will be 5,926 primary, secondary and vocational schools of various types, with 1.14 million students. There will be 391,000 college students in 2021. The famous University of Vienna was founded in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in German-speaking countries. (Source: Statistics Austria website)
[26]
In 1774, Austria was still part of
Holy Roman Empire
Archduchess Maria Theresia set the foundation for the educational system in Austria at the time. Austria's education system is controlled by the federal government, which implements 9 years of compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 15, and its education system can be broadly divided into four parts, namely pre-school education, primary education, secondary education and higher education.
Preschool education
Most children over the age of three attend kindergarten, but it is not compulsory.
Primary education
Upon reaching the age of six (1 September each year being the defining day), children are required to enter the Volksschule for four years of education. During this period, school fees, books and transportation expenses for school-age children are borne by the State. In addition to the schools established by the general state, under certain conditions, you can go to the local private school, or even study at home.
Secondary education
Following the National Primary School, children aged about 10 years can choose to enter a regular secondary school or a main secondary school for a period of four years. There are entrance examinations for ordinary secondary schools, which are required to be passed; Main secondary schools do not have this restriction. If children have special problems, they can choose special schools as their learning institutions. After the successful completion of Grade 8 (9 years of compulsory education), students will have to choose from four kinds of educational institutions, namely ordinary high school, advanced vocational training school, intermediate vocational training school, and multiple technical schools with advanced vocational schools, each of which is a new stage, and only the higher vocational training school requires an examination and has a score threshold. When advancing from higher vocational schools and regular high schools to higher education, a graduation examination is required.
[4]
Higher education
The study period of Austrian university is generally 4 to 5 years, of which the basic study stage is 2 years, and the professional study stage is 2 to 3 years. Students in the prescribed number of years to complete the required courses, optional courses, through the examination to obtain the necessary credits, the final stage of learning to write a graduation thesis, after passing the graduation. Austria offers only one advanced degree in universities - the doctorate. Doctoral education is a natural continuation of undergraduate education. There is no limit to the age of doctoral students, and there is no special organization responsible for doctoral education, and the main form is guided by tutors. The traditional academic system without a bachelor's degree, known as Diplomstudium, is divided into two or three major stages (Abschnitt). A master's degree (Magister; The engineering is Diplom-Ingenieur. After completing the master's degree, students are admitted to the Doktoratstudium, write a doctoral thesis (Dissertation), pass the defense, and award different doctoral degrees (doctors) according to academic classification.
The Austrian academic system is rigorous, and in principle, the field of study for a doctorate must be in the same category as the previous master's degree. Austria has reformed higher education to introduce bachelor's degrees, but so far only a handful of departments offer them, and most are still taught by traditional Diplomstudium. Austrian public universities adopt a division of labor system, the level of each school is average, students are based on the wish to study subjects and transportation convenience as the basis for choosing a school. Compared with private colleges, public university degrees are highly valued.
Austria attaches great importance to research and innovation. In 2020, Austria invested 12.1 billion euros in research and development, accounting for 3.18% of GDP, ranking second among EU member states. The year 2020
Global innovation index
Austria is ranked 19th. Austria encourages enterprises to carry out research and development activities by providing a number of preferential measures, including financial support and tax incentives. Austrian enterprises in metallurgy, automotive, machinery, renewable energy and environmental protection and other fields have strong technical advantages.
[12]
According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, in 2018, Austria's national recurrent health expenditure accounted for 10.3% of its GDP, and the per capita recurrent health expenditure was 5,879.1 US dollars based on purchasing power parity. In 2018, the average life expectancy was 82 years.
Austria has a universal health insurance system. More than 98% of the country's population is covered by social medical insurance, and only a few high-income artists and entrepreneurs are not covered by social medical insurance. Austria spends about 10% of GDP on health care each year, of which 50% is borne by health insurance companies, 30% by individuals, and 20% by all levels of government. In addition to compulsory social health insurance, one third of the country's population voluntarily participates in private supplementary health insurance, in order to enjoy additional services such as a single room and sick leave allowance in case of illness. Austria's health insurance system ranks among the highest in the European Union.
[12]
We implement a national social insurance and relief system, which mainly includes medical insurance, unemployment insurance, old-age insurance and accident insurance. In 2009, the per capita national income was 33,061 euros, the average monthly wage of employees was 2,910 euros, and there were 522 cars per 1,000 people. There are 38,313 doctors, 267 hospitals and 65,544 beds in China.
[4]
Saarbach, Austria has been awarded the right to host the 2025 Alpine Ski World Championships, the 48th edition of which will be held from 4 to 23 February 2025.
[6]
Austria's foreign policy is based on peace and neutrality and on the support of the EU, actively promoting the deepening and enlargement of the EU, and coordinating with the EU on major international issues. We attach importance to strengthening relations with neighboring countries, especially Central and Eastern European countries, maintain and deepen relations with major countries, and seek to play a unique role in international affairs.
[3]
[14]
In 2004, Austria's foreign relations developed steadily. Relying on the EU as diplomatic support, Austria has actively promoted the deepening and eastward expansion of the EU and vigorously consolidated and developed relations with Central and Eastern European countries. After the enlargement of the European Union in May, it is not the past
Cold war
The frontier and the EU's eastern border became the heart of Europe. Nowadays, Austrian diplomacy has been more linked with the overall diplomacy of the EU, and in international affairs, especially on issues concerning the overall interests of Austria and the EU, it is necessary to coordinate with the EU. Austria actively seeks to strengthen relations with its Central and Eastern European neighbors, promotes regional cooperation with its Eastern European neighbors, maintains stability in the region, and creates a favorable political and economic environment for its own development. Besides. Austria is also actively expanding with the United States, Russia, China and so on
Great power
Relationship. Austria believes that the EU and the US should eliminate their differences and establish a new type of equal partnership. At the same time, Austria also actively promotes the development of long-term stability between the EU and Russia
Strategic partnership
.
On the issue of EU integration. It is believed that the EU should strengthen the construction of the common foreign and security policy, establish the independent security and defense system of the EU as soon as possible, and strengthen the intervention capacity of Europe in the face of local conflicts. The EU should improve its decision-making and action capacity, develop a unified constitution, and eventually become a highly integrated federation. He stressed that all member states should be equal, and only by forming a community of interests can small and medium-sized countries more effectively safeguard their own interests in the union. Advocate the interagency of the European Union
Balance of power
To maintain the rotating presidency of the European Union, each new and old member state has a voting seat in the European Commission.
With regard to
European Union
The question of eastward expansion. It is believed that the eastward expansion of the EU will ensure the peace and stability of Europe for a long time, and has important strategic significance for maintaining and promoting the peace, stability and development of the surrounding region of the EU and even the world. Eastward enlargement will further enhance the overall strength of the EU and expand its voice in the international arena. The EU should also offer assistance to Eastern Europe,
Southeast Europe
and
Mediterranean region
Expand. Eastward expansion will fundamentally improve the security environment of Austria and bring economic benefits to Austria.
On the Middle East issue. consider
Middle East issue
The core is
Palestine
The issue bears on regional stability and even world peace. As long as the Middle East issue exists, the issue of terrorism cannot be fundamentally resolved. The Middle East issue should be resolved through negotiations. The only way to resolve the issue is for Israel and Palestine to establish separate states and live in peace. The principle of "land for peace" should be upheld. We support the efforts made by the Quartet of the United States, Russia, the European Union and the United Nations to resolve the Middle East issue, and believe that the Middle East "road map" plan should be promoted.
On counter-terrorism. Resolutely oppose all forms of
terrorism
It is believed that all countries in the world should work together to strengthen anti-terrorism, and the United Nations should assume the leading responsibility in the international fight against terrorism. At the same time, however, the violation of democratic rights in the name of combating terrorism should be prevented. We should combine anti-terrorism with human rights protection and actively cultivate common interests
Political culture
And values to promote dialogue among civilizations.
[4]
China and Austria formally established diplomatic relations on May 28, 1971. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties more than 50 years ago, bilateral relations have grown steadily on the whole.
In October 2014, Austrian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Science, Research and Economy Mitterlehner, Foreign Minister
Kurz
Ruprecht, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Resources, and Wright, President of the Federal Chamber of Commerce, visited China and worked with the Vice Premier of The State Council during the same period
Wang Yang
See you.
In March 2015, Austrian President Joschka Fischer paid a state visit to China and attended the meeting
Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2015
. State president
Xi Jinping
Held talks with President Fischer, Chancellor of The State Council
Li Keqiang
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Zhang Dejiang
They met separately with President Fischer. In May, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee
Chen Xiaoguang
Visit Olympics. In November, Austrian Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Ruprecht visited China.
May 28, 2016 marks the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Austria. Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz exchanged congratulatory messages. On March 22, the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries hosted a reception to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Austria in Beijing
Ji Bingxuan
And led a delegation of senior officials of the Austria-China Friendship Association
Peking
The visiting Executive Vice President of the Austrian Federal Parliament Winkler and his delegation attended the reception. In May, Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Chen Xiaoguang visited Austria at invitation.
In September 2017, President of the Austrian Federal Parliament and member of the Supervisory Board of the Austria-China Friendship Association Meyer visited China. In November, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee
Lin Wenyi
Invited to visit Austria.
In April 2018, Austrian President and Prime Minister van der Berenkai
Kurz
And four federal ministers paid a state visit to China and attended the meeting
Boao Forum for Asia
During the annual meeting, the two sides established China-Austria friendly strategic partnership. In May, the second President of the Austrian National Assembly led a high-level delegation of the Austria-China Friendship Association to visit China. In July, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi visited Austria. In August, Austrian Prime Minister Sebastian Kurz and his ministers of Economy, education and Transport visited Hong Kong. In October, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Bai Ma Chilin led a delegation to Austria. In the same month, Austrian Finance Minister Legere visited China. In November, Austrian Economy Minister Schrambock led a delegation to attend the first session
China International Import Expo
.
In January 2019, Vice President Wang Qishan met with Austrian Prime Minister Sebastian Kurz on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2019 in Davos. In April, Prime Minister
Kurz
Attend China
The second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation
And an official visit. In May, Chairman Li Zhanshu of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress paid an official goodwill visit to Austria. In June, President of the Austrian Federal Parliament Arpe led a high-level delegation of the Austria-China Friendship Association to visit China. In October, he was a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and director of the National Supervisory Commission
Yang Xiaodu
Led a delegation to visit Austria.
In February 2020,
Wang Yi
State Councilor and Foreign Minister meets with Austrian Prime Minister Sebastian Kurz on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference. In March and April,
Li Keqiang
Premier Li and State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Austrian Prime Minister Sebastian Kurz and Foreign Minister respectively
Alexander Schallenberg
Phone conversation on China-Austria cooperation in fighting the epidemic.
The year 2021 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Austria. In March, State Councilor Wang Yi had a phone conversation with Foreign Minister Schallenberg. In November, Chairman Li Zhanshu held a video meeting with Speaker of the Austrian National Assembly Sobotka.
2
022年4月，李克强总理应约同奥总理内哈默通电话。
[7]
[13]
In September 1964, China and Austria signed an exchange of letters on the establishment of commercial representative offices in each other's countries. In October 1972, the two countries signed a Trade and Payment Agreement. In September 1996, the two governments signed a new Agreement on Economic, Industrial, Technical and Technological Cooperation. Since 1974, the China-Austria Joint Economic and Trade Commission has held 26 meetings.
Bilateral trade: In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Austria was 12.55 billion US dollars, down by 6.0% year on year, of which China's exports were 4.7 billion US dollars, down 8.2%, and imports were 7.86 billion US dollars, down 4.7%. From January to February 2024, the bilateral trade volume between China and Austria was 1.63 billion US dollars, down 7.0 percent year on year, of which China's exports were 620 million US dollars, down 15.8 percent, and imports were 1.01 billion US dollars, down 0.7 percent.
Technical cooperation: As of February 2024, China and Austria have signed 2,280 technology import contracts with a cumulative value of 6.02 billion US dollars.
Investment in China: As of February 2024, China has approved 1,583 Olympian investment projects in China, with actual utilization of Olympian capital of US $2.93 billion.
Investment in Austria: As of February 2024, China's total direct investment in the entire industry in Austria has reached 590 million US dollars.
[27]
By April 2022, the two sides have established 20 pairs of sister province, state or city (region) relations.
[13]
In March 2024, according to the Department of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in order to further promote personnel exchanges between China and foreign countries, China decided to expand the scope of visa-free countries and trial visa-free policy for ordinary passport holders of Austrian countries.
[24]
The period is from March 14 to November 30, 2024.
[25]
Crystal
locate
Innsbruck
The nearby Wattens Crystal World, in addition to the charming crystal exhibition hall, also has a crystal shop, visitors can enjoy the shopping fun after the visit.
Chocolate
Mozart chocolate
Come from
Salzburg
It is a chocolate ball made of chocolate and marzipan, which is sold in specialty stores and various stores, and some large supermarkets can also buy it.
wine
The main wine producing areas are
Lower Austria
,
Burgenland
,
The state of Steilmark
and
Vienna
.
White wine
There are Verde Vetlina, Lisling, Vilschlisling, Burgundy, and chantonay.
Red wine
There are: Lanzwiegert and Lanfranchsch. Particularly valuable wines are those made from grapes that have been naturally dried on the tree after the grapes are ripe or have been frosted after being naturally dried, such as late autumn wines, dry berry wines and ice wines. They are high in sugar and fragrant, which is especially suitable for Chinese tastes.
It is rich in water power, forests and minerals, and has developed economy. The amount of graphite and magnesite deposits ranks first in the world. The Republic of Austria has a well-developed tourism industry, and the magnificent Alps mountains are ideal places for mountaineers and winter sports lovers. Hundreds of beautiful lakes, a great place for summer recreation and water sports; More than 40% of the forest cover and large areas of grassland and pasture brighten the country's main green color; For those who admire history, Vienna, the capital, can remember the glory days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Visitors who love music can visit the former homes of musicians and listen to an unforgettable concert. Western and southern Austria is famous for its mountainous areas
Alps
From west to south, extending to the Vienna Basin; The north and northeast are plain and hilly; Salzkammergut and Kernten have many lakes and are studded with rugged mountains.
Vienna State Opera
Vienna State Opera
The State Opera Theatre of Vienna is the world's first-class large opera house, the main symbol of Vienna, the "capital of music", known as the "world opera center". Built in 1869 as the Royal Court Theatre, the former wooden box theatre of the 17th century Vienna Castle Square was moved to the city's circular street in 1869. In 1918, the Palace Theatre was nationalized and named the State Opera. The opera house is a magnificent building of Romanesque style. The vestibule and wings are made of marble, and the interior is decorated with exquisite frescoes and pictures of great musicians and actors. The auditorium has six floors and can seat more than 1,600 spectators.
Concertgebouw Vienna
Concertgebouw Vienna
Music Hall Vienna: The oldest and most modern concert hall in Vienna, Austria, is the legal venue for the annual Vienna New Year's Concert. Construction began in 1867 and was completed in 1869. is
Italian Renaissance
Style building. Between the yellow and red exterior walls, there are many statues of the goddess of music on the roof, which are quaint and chic. On January 6, 1870, the first performance was held in the Grand Golden Recital Hall of the Concert Hall. Since 1939, the Vienna New Year's Concert has been held on January 1 every year, but it was interrupted due to the war and resumed in 1959. There is a collection hall in the hall, which is divided into two rooms. One is an exhibition room, where regular exhibitions of the collection are held for visitors; One is the archive room, with shelves on one side filled with a large number of hand-written, woodcut, and printed music books and scores from the past, and on the other side a row of iron cabinets containing musical manuscripts, letters, and other handwriting by the great musicians. In the middle of the room was a long row of tables for researchers to consult. The archive was originally Brahms' office, and before he died, he repeatedly asked that all his thousands of music books and scores be donated to the archive. The concert hall belongs to the Association of Friends of Austrian Music.
Salzburg
Salzburg
Salzburg is the capital of the state of Salzburg in northwestern Austria, bordering the Salzach River, a tributary of the Danube River, and is the transportation, industrial and tourist center of northern Austria. Here is the birthplace of the great composer Mozart, known as the "music art center". Founded in 1077, Salzburg served as the seat and center of activity for the Catholic Archbishop from the 8th to the 18th centuries. Salzburg was freed from religious rule in 1802, and passed to Bavaria in 1809 under the Treaty of Schoenbrunn,
Congress of Vienna
(1814-15) decided to return it to Austria.
Mozart's house
Mozart's house
Mozartst Seburtuts (Mozartst Seburtuts) was a famous Austrian musician of the 18th century
Mozart
The place of birth. It is located at 9 Grainstrasse in Salzburg. It is a golden yellow six-story building. Mozart was born here on January 27, 1756, and spent his childhood. Mozart was appointed court musician at the age of 14. In 1781, he submitted his resignation to the court and moved to Vienna, thus opening the door to Viennese classical music until his death on January 5, 1791. In order to commemorate him, it was opened as the Mozart House Museum in 1917. The museum displays the violin, xylophone and piano that Mozart used during his lifetime, music scores written by himself, letters, and blueprints for stage plays designed by himself.
Vienna Donau Tower
Vienna Donau Tower
North of downtown
Danube Park
It was completed in 1964. The tower is 252 meters high with a base diameter of 31 meters.
Donota
Towering into the sky, it marks a new skyline for the city of Vienna. There are two high-speed elevators in the tower, visitors can take the elevator from the bottom of the tower to the 165 meters high elevator end. Climb 170 meters high open-air cafe, feel the cold wind, cold, but look down but someone on the feeling of nine days. From the window, you could see the majestic Alps in the distance and the blue Danube river running through the city. Because the two cafes are built around the tower, and the floor frame is connected to the tower axis, it can rotate around the tower at three speeds, forming a unique rotating cafe, which rotates once every 39 minutes. As the cafe rotates, the view outside the window moves slowly. Visitors can enjoy a drink while enjoying Vienna's bustling urban scene and idyllic suburbs.
Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna
Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna
(Schoenblunn Kastle in Vienna) is located in the southwest of Vienna, the capital of Austria, also known as "Schonbrunn Palace", is the Summer Palace of the Austrian Habsburg royal family. It was commissioned by Queen Maria Theresa in 1694. The whole palace covers an area of 26,000 square meters, which is slightly smaller than that of France
The Palace of Versailles
. The palace has a total of 1,400 rooms, 44 of which are decorated in the Rococo architectural style popular in 18th century Europe, slender and elegant. The decoration and furnishings inside the room are also consistent with the architectural style, in the dazzling array of ceramic ornaments, especially the Ming Dynasty Wanli Dynasty colorful porcelain plate and painted vase are the most precious. The palace has the dining room where the Habsburg emperors banqueted and the magnificent ballroom, where the Austrian government still holds balls or treats foreign envoys.
Mozart
Mozart memorial statue
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) : Great Austrian composer,
The Viennese Classical School
Outstanding representative of... He widely adopted a variety of musical forms, and successfully combined German, Austrian, Italian and other national music with European music
Traditional music
The organic connection, giving them profound ideological content and perfect form, opened up a new way for the development of Western music. Its creative technique is novel, the melody is simple and beautiful, the texture is clean and meticulous, and the orchestration pays attention to the timbre effect, which plays a positive role in polyphony music and has a great influence on the music creation of later generations. He wrote a total of 75 works in his lifetime, leaving behind the book
Figaro's wedding
",
Don Giovanni
,
Escape from the Harem
,"
Magic flute
"And other famous operas, so that opera has become a new genre with the characteristics of citizens. And composed a large number of symphonies,
concerto
, piano pieces and chamber pieces.
Schubert
Franz Schubert
(Flanz Schubert, 1797-1828) : composer
Romantic music
One of the founders of... Born January 31, 1797. In 1811, he wrote his first song, "The Sorrow of Hagar". One afternoon, when he was 18, he picked it up
Goethe
the
Narrative poem
"Demon King" to read, suddenly mood, an hour later, popular world famous music
The Demon King
It was born. This famous song immediately caused a sensation in Vienna, so that he embarked on the road of music creation. Schubert lived only 33 years, but he wrote 634 art songs in his lifetime. In addition, he wrote eight symphonies, several sonatas, improvisations and other musical works,
Serenade
With its deep feeling, beauty is appreciated by the world.
Freud
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) : Austrian psychiatrist, neurologist, and psychologist,
Psychoanalytic school
The founder of... Born May 6, 1856
Moravia
A family of Jewish merchants. His family moved to Vienna when he was four. At the age of 17, he entered the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna and received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1881. After practicing medicine, he served as a clinical neurospecialist and engaged in the clinical treatment of mental illness all his life. In exploring the source of psychosis, Freud abandoned the dominant physiological etiology at that time, and gradually moved to the psychological etiology, and founded the psychoanalysis theory.
His major works include The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Three Treatises on Sexology (1905), An Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1910), and Civilization and its Defects (1929).
Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka (1883-1924) : Austrian novelist. Born in Prague on July 3, 1883, to a Jewish merchant family, his main works are four collections of short stories and three novels. Unfortunately, most of them were not published during his lifetime, and three chapters were not finished. Kafka is famous in Europe
expressionism
Writer. He lived at a time when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was collapsing, and he was deeply impressed
Nietzsche
,
Bergson
Influenced by philosophy, he has always looked on political events, so most of his works use distorted and absurd images and symbolic intuition to express isolated and desperate individuals surrounded by a hostile social environment.
His most famous works are
A hole in the ground
"(1923),"
Metamorphosis
"(1912),"
castle
","
Trial
", etc.
Czerny
Carl Czerny
Karl Czerny (21 February 1791-15 July 1857) was an Austrian. Famous composer, pianist and music educator. Czerny studied with the famous musician and composer Beethoven. He's
Beethoven
His most proud student, Beethoven taught him to play the piano for free for three years from 1801 to 1803. He actively promotes Beethoven's works, and discusses how to perform Beethoven's works correctly in the second and third chapters of Volume 4 of his Op. 500 "Piano Theory and Performance". He can recite all the piano works of Beethoven. Czerny trained as a piano educator
Franz Liszt
Such students.
Haydn
Haydn
,
The Viennese Classical School
The first representative figure, a composer with creative spirit, is an important composer with great influence in the history of world music. Haydn's major contributions to classical music are symphonies and quartets. Because he made great contributions to the formation and perfection of the symphony genre, he is called the "father of symphony". He died in Vienna on 1 May 1809.
Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was a German politician of Austrian descent who was elected in 1921
The Nazi Party
Party leader, appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933; He became Chancellor of Germany in 1934.
World War II
During this time, he also served as Supreme Commander of the German Armed Forces. He is widely regarded as the main initiator of World War II. Hitler was the president of the German National Socialist Workers' Party
The Third German Reich
The Fuhrer is the initiator of the Second World War and the number one war criminal. Famous orator, politician and adventurous strategist, psychologist, architect, painter.
Gregor Johann Mendel was born in Austria on July 20, 1822
Silesia
He is the founder of genetics and is known as the father of modern genetics.
Mendel found the law of heredity, separation and free combination through the pea experiment. Mendel loved gardening from an early age. From 1851 to 1853, Mendel worked in
University of Vienna
I studied botany, zoology and chemistry systematically for 4 semesters. Among a large number of plant hybridization experiments conducted by Mendel, the experiment of pea hybridization was the most outstanding. After eight years of unremitting efforts (1856-1864), he finally published the paper "Plant Hybridization Experiment" in 1865, and revealed the two basic laws of genetics
Separation rule
and
Free combination law
. The discovery and proposal of these two important laws laid a solid foundation for the birth and development of genetics, which is Mendel's great scientific research achievements.
Stefan Zweig
Stefan Zweig
Stefan Zweig is an Austrian writer, novelist, and biographer who specializes in writing novels and biographies, as well as poetry plays, prose features, and translations. It is famous for depicting the inner impulses of humanity, such as pride, vanity, jealousy, hatred and other simple emotions. His novels are mostly about people's subconscious activities and people's destinies driven by passion. His works are famous for the characterization and psychological depiction of characters.
The book Brazil: Land of the Future, by Austrian author Stefan Zweig, was published in 1941. The book introduces Brazil from various aspects such as economy, culture and history, and intersperses discussion with descriptions of natural scenery and reviews of historical events. The author sees beauty in poverty, abundance in sorrow, and joy in pain, which has led to the book being hailed as "the sentimental observations of a respectable scholar." Even today, it is interesting to read.
[8]
Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Pauli, a physicist, was born in Vienna, Austria, his father was a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Vienna, and his godfather was the Austrian physicist and philosopher Maher. In 1945, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pauli the Nobel Prize in Physics for his previous discovery of the exclusion principle.
[9-10]
|
name
|
type
|
location
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
1
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
2
|
Cultural landscape of Hallstatt-Dartstein Salzkammergut
|
Cultural heritage
|
Salzburg
|
|
3
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
4
|
Cultural heritage
|
Vienna
|
|
|
5
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
6
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
7
|
Cultural heritage
|
Lower Austria, Vienna
|
|
|
8
|
Cultural heritage
|
The Swiss Federal Council issued a statement on July 7, 2023, saying that the defense ministers of Switzerland, Austria and Germany signed a document
Memorandum of understanding
The two countries agreed to join the "European Sky Shield" air defense system project.
[17]
