WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia

Baidu home page

assist

Home page

encyclopaedia

Feature encyclopedia

Knowledge topic

Join the encyclopedia

Encyclopedia team

Authoritative cooperation

Individual center

Ryukyu nationality

broadcast discuss Upload video

The indigenous peoples of the Ryukyu Islands

Collect

Check out my collection

0 Useful +1

The Ryukyu Nationality ( Japanese : Ryukyu People / りゅうきゅうみんぞく, Ryukyu language : Ryukyu Nationality/R (Ky) minzuku) Yes Ryukyu Islands The indigenous peoples of the country, now more commonly known as Ryukyuan , Ryukyu nationality , or depending on the region in which they live ( Okinawa Islands , Sendo Islands , Amami Islands The Okinawans, Senshima, and Amami, respectively, refer to the largest indigenous groups living in what is now the Ryukyu Islands. As of October 1, 2005, fewer than 100,000 Ryukyus live in the Ryukyu Islands, with another 2 million or so living in Japan. The Ryukyu people also have one of the longest life expectantions in the world.

There is debate as to whether the Ryukyu people are an ethnic group. The Japanese and some Ryukyu people recognize the Ryukyu race, but regard the Ryukyu race as Yamato Treat as a branch of; There are also some Ryukyu people who do not consider themselves Japanese. The native language of the Ryukyu people is Ryukyu language However, most people in Ryukyu no longer speak the Ryukyu language. Nowadays it is common to Ryukyu people Japanese Or Okinawan ( Okinawan Japanese ).

Chinese name: Ryukyu nationality
Foreign name: R feel ch feel minzuku
alias: Ryukyuan , Ryukyu nationality

setting: Ryukyu Islands
Population number: About 120,000 people
characteristic: One of the longest life expectancies in the world

catalogue

Development history

broadcast

EDITOR

Ryukyu Islands The history of human beings in the region can be traced back thousands of years. Its pre-historical era can be divided into earthenware The late period before it appeared Paleolithic age The Kaizuka era (approx., in native Japan) after the appearance of earthware Jomon period and Heian period Between). in Naha Nearby, the oldest human bones found in the Ryukyu Islands region, known as Yamashita Cave Man, are estimated to be about 32,000 years old.

In 1967, he worked in the village of Gu Zhitou (now Yaesetase The remains of the people of Kangchuan dating back 18,000 years were discovered. Of the Ryukyu Islands Hominin fossil In order to Okinawa Island As the center, in Kume Island , Ijiang Island, Miyakoshima All have distribution.

There are records in the history books of Japan that the inhabitants of Shinkyaw, Kumi, Yahisa and Togan Island paid tribute to Japan. Arai Shiraishi Believe that faith enlightenment refers to today Ishigaki Island Ball United States refers to this Kume Island, night long refers to this Yakushima Degree sense refers to today Tokunoshima . 753, Chinese monk Jianzhen To spread Buddhism in Japan, passing through the island of Arnaipo, which is now Okinawa.

Between the 7th and 8th centuries, the Ryukyu ethnic groups began to show hierarchical divisions, forming Class society .

According to the Ryukyu official history book" Shikan Nakayama According to the saying, Ama Mijiu, the god of Ryukyu's opening, came to Okinawa and was founded Ryukyu Kingdom . Their descendants ruled Ryukyu for generations, called the Tiensun family. The 25th generation of Tianxun was murdered by Li Yong, a powerful minister. Urasoe Ji Sainty Led the army to destroy Li Yong and establish Sainty Marine . The third king of the Shuntian Dynasty Meaning text Give the throne to the regent Yeongjo Yingjo founded the Yingjo Dynasty. At the end of the Yingzu dynasty, Ryukyu was divided into Zhongshan, Kitayama The Three Kingdoms of Nanshan, known in history as" Sanshan period ". After the death of Xiwei, the last king of the Yingzu dynasty, Putian was appointed to the department Observe and measure He took the throne and became King of the Sun. The son of Chadu, Wuning, was also placed under the division Chambaj Subsequently, Shang Bazhi conquered the North Mountain and the South Mountain successively, and in 1429 unified Ryukyu and established the first Shang Dynasty, while accepting the title of "King Zhongshan of Ryukyu" from the Ming Dynasty of China. Since then, with its favorable geographical position, Ryukyu has become one of the most important trade transit ports in East Asia, and is known as the "bridge of nations".

In 1492, Shand Died of illness, ministers to kill the son, support Shang Yuan He became king and established the second Shang Dynasty. Shang Zhenwang and Shang Qing King During his reign, the centralization of power was strengthened and the external expansion of Ryukyu reached its full power. In 1609, Ryukyu suffered Satsuma Han Shimadzu's The invasion, became a vassal state of Satsuma.

In 1879, Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom and changed it to Okinawa Prefecture . Since then, the Japanese government has implemented the policy of nationalization and tried to assimilate Ryukyuan . Ryukyuan He was forced to undertake Japanese military service.

In 1944, Battle of Okinawa American forces bombed Okinawa, and a large number of Ryukyu people died in the battle. The battle also caused serious damage to Ryukyu culture and cultural relics. American forces captured it that same year Ryukyu Islands . The U.S. military implemented a policy of alienation from the Japanese and tried not to use it in public Okinawa One word. However, due to the atrocities of the US army in Ryukyu, there was popular discontent. Some people began to advocate independence for Ryukyu; Others initiated a movement for the restoration of Japan, hoping to accept Japanese rule. In 1971, the United States and Japan signed the Okinawa Return Agreement, and in May 1972, the administration of Okinawa was transferred to Japan by the United States. ^[2]

origin

broadcast

EDITOR

The origin of the Ryukyu nationality is different, and there is no definite conclusion in the academic circle. There is a saying that the Ryukyu are Baiyue County The descendants of... In... Ultra verse In it, Baiyue is divided into "inner Yue" and "outer Yue" two branches. After the collapse of the Qin Dynasty, he took refuge in the sea by boat. First Emperor of Qin We have to send all sinners to the East China Sea to guard against overcrossing. Due to the severe precautions of the Qin Dynasty, the foreign Yue had to go to sea to make a living. Some Chinese scholars believe that part of the overseas Vietnam may reach Taiwan, Ryukyu Japan Kyushu Island In the south, it became the ancestors of Taiwan Aborigines, Ryukyu and Yamato.

Western scholars have put forward a statement that the ancient times of the Ryukyu nationality and Indonesia or Australia The Native cognate, genus Malay The branches of... Japanese scholars believe that the Ryukyu people and The Ainu Homology of Yamato family.

There is also a saying that the Ryukyu nationality Japanese islands Moved in, as a branch of the Japanese. This statement is called" The theory of Japanese ancestry ". In the Japanese monk wrote the "Town of West Ryukyu" and another Qu Ting Ma Qin In the Japanese novel "Toon said Gong Zhang Moon", he mentioned the Japanese town Nishihachiro Minamoto no Tametomo in The chaos of preserving the yuan The story of fleeing to Ryukyu. Ryukyu Act as regent Xiang Xiangxian The book Shikan Nakayama Also known as Ryukyu Sainty Wang was the son of Geneijo in Ryukyu. Subsequent" Shipu Nakayama "Is a Chinese translation of" Zhongshan Shijian ", which also uses this saying. Because of the status of the official historical book, the theory of Ryukyu ancestor was accepted by many Japanese and some Ryukyu people. Some famous Ryukyu people, such as Xiang Xiangxian, Xiang Youheng , Ibopow He was a supporter of the theory of the same ancestry. But the Japanese" Bowon Monogatari There is no mention of the fact that the origin is the passage of the Dynasty, while the" Shikan Nakayama By the time the book was written, Ryukyu had become Japan Satsuma Han As a result, some people believe that this matter is fabricated. Chinese scholar Tao Yuanzhen He is also a famous opponent of the Japanese ancestor theory, saying that "the Ryuji Xiang Xiangxian forged the fallacy that the Japanese origin was the father of the king of Shun Heaven", "it is extremely hateful".

And in Japan Edo period There is another "Ryukyu ancestor" saying that the Ryukyu people are also mentioned in ancient Chinese books. Japanese "Of one. The term was coined in 1719 Arai Shiraishi Put forward. In... Austronesia In the general preface of ", it is considered that" The Classic of Mountains and Rivers The "Southern Japan" mentioned in the two books is Ryukyu, and some Ryukyu songs and ancient sayings are used to demonstrate. In his book Chongkoufa, written in 1781, Fujisadako considered the Tensun Mountain (クマヤー caves) on Keiheiya Island in Ryukyu Japanese mythology Medium" The arrival of the heavenly grandson The place ", Emperor Jimmu Depart from the island Eastward expedition . This argument was immediately questioned by other scholars. One's home is long In his book The Pincer Maniac (1785), he refuted this claim.

Language

broadcast

EDITOR

The native language of the Ryukyu people is Ryukyu language While being subjected to Chinese Min Chinese Above all Fuzhou dialect The official language of Ryukyu is Chinese characters. The language family of Ryukyu is disputed, and is roughly Austronesian.

The Ryukyu people generally use it on formal occasions Japanese In Okinawa, many people also use the Japanese language (Okinawan benji) with a strong Okinawan flavor. Ryukyu is spoken by just over a million people, most of whom are elderly, so the Ryukyu language is on the decline, while the Yaeyama and Yonaguni dialects, which are spoken by fewer people, are in danger of disappearing.

culture

broadcast

EDITOR

琉球群岛介于中国大陆和日本本土之间，琉球深受中国文化和 Japanese culture The influence of the formation of their own national unique culture.

Influenced by Chinese culture

From 1372, Ryukyu became part of China Vassal state . Sent by Emperor Hongwu of Ming Dynasty Fujian people thirty-six surname Emigrating to Ryukyu Kume Village Since then, Ryukyu began to accept the influence of Chinese culture. The official language of the ancient Ryukyu was written in Chinese, and the official documents of China, Korea and Vietnam were also written in Chinese. In 1879 Punishment of Ryukyu Before, the traditional dress of the Ryukyu people was Glass mounting Its appearance is similar to that of the Chinese Hanfu. Act as Chinese character cultural circle A member of the Ryukyu people also Revere Confucianism and respect Confucius Such Confucian saints. Ryukyu also emerged Xiang Xiangxian (Yuji Asaku), CAI Wen (With Zhitou kiss Fang Wenruo), Cheng Shunze (Nago Kin Fang Pet text) and other Confucian scholars. In 1718, Cheng Shunze was in Kume Village Have set up Hall of Ming Lun ; In 1798, King Shang Win ordered the establishment of the National Studies and peace Rural school It greatly promoted the development of Ryukyu Confucianism.

The most well-known martial art of the ancient Ryukyu is the hand (ティー). "Hand" also known as" tangte Or "Tang Hand fist", is modern karate The prototype. Most scholars today believe that the "hand" is composed of Chinese martial arts Developed in the Ryukyu. Chinese martial arts by the Ming Dynasty Fujian people thirty-six surname Brought to Ryukyu, combined with some local fighting techniques, developed into a unique Ryukyu martial arts. It later developed into modern karate. Wenlin Xiang (Mayi Asaka), Hiroka Sakugawa, Wu Chengda (Matsumura Soku) and other Ryukyu martial artists, many of them have studied Chinese martial artists as teachers, and some even went to China to learn martial arts.

Ryukyu music also received some Chinese music Under the influence of the Ryukyu people's unique musical instrument Sanxian, its original shape is the Chinese Sanxian. Like the Chinese, the ancient Ryukyu people would place them at the gate Shikamadang , placed on the roof Wind Lion .

Influenced by Japanese culture

The Ryukyu Islands are based on Kyushu, so Ryukyu culture has also been deeply influenced by Japanese culture. Ryukyu folk songs such as the Ryukyu Song and Shimabei , all used Japanese Hiragana (mixed with a few Chinese characters) records. The book おもろさうし, compiled during the Second Shang Dynasty, contains a large number of Ryuge recorded in Hiragana. The rhythm of the Lucid song is 8, 8, 8, 6, and its structure is similar to that of the Japanese Waka (5, 7, 5, 7, 7) Similar. In the history of Ryukyu, many Soeki folk also emerged, such as Iki Taki (Soeki Tomeki), Sotomin, son of the Hiraishiku family, Soyuke (Tomajo Tomahara), Ma Guoki (Tomaji Tomaichi Nagahara), Xiang Guozhen (Rescue by department), Xiang Jie (Dong Feng Hei Asao Wei) et al. In addition, the period of King Shanmuk's Yoshiya Tsuru (Yoshiya チル), Enna なべ, and known as the Ryuge "two women". Many Euclidean singers are not only good at writing Euclidean songs, but also good at Chinese poetry With the harmony song.

Because of its proximity to Japan, Ryukyu's art and religious beliefs were similar to those of Japan, especially after the Shimadzu invasion in 1609. Ryukyu Shinto The god Amamiku came to earth and ruled the world, and his descendants (the Tensun family) ruled Ryukyu. This is different from Japan Izanoku Founded Akitsu Island, its daughter Amaterasu The myth of the descendants ruling Japan is similar. About the first Shang dynasty Shang Jinfu King During the period, Ryukyu began to be founded shrine Worship of the Japanese god Amaterasu, Kumano Kwanhi, Hachiman and the gods of Ryukyu Shinto. In 1718, Mutakesuke (Tamashiro Masahara) made reference to the traditional Japanese art Noh drama , ravings He created a musical unique to Ryukyu odori .

Unique culture

The tortoiseshell tomb of the Ryukyu people

Ryukyu also has many different cultures from China and Japan. For example, Ryukyu's unique "Okinawa cuisine" and so on, as well as alcoholic food Awamori It is not found in China or Japan. There are two kinds of tombs popular among the Ryukyu people, one is the turtle shell tomb and the other is the broken wind tomb. Tortoise armour tombs are also prevalent in the southern provinces of Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, while broken wind tombs are unique to Ryukyu. Ryukyu Royal Cemetery Yuming Mausoleum It's the largest wind-broken tomb in the world.

Ancient Ryukyu people popular a call Wind burial The custom. After death, the body was placed in the cave for weathering until three years later, when the female relatives washed the bones and buried them. This custom is associated with southern China Hakka the Bone burial Similar, but it's been largely abolished.

Characteristic of name

broadcast

EDITOR

At first, the Ryukyu people did not have a surname, only a first name, and the name is often repeated with the ancestor, but father and son do not share the same name. Later, it was influenced by Chinese culture and Japanese culture In addition to their original names, Ryukyu men have both Tang names (Chinese names) and Wo names (Japanese names), and Ryukyu names named after Chinese characters, Ryukyu names are composed of Han family name + "Shi" character + name multiplication, name multiplication is two characters, the first character is called name multiplication head, passed down from generation to generation. The previous naming method was changed from the official name to the child's name and is no longer used in formal occasions.

A man of noble ancestry in Ryukyu (genealogically belonging to Shuli Naha Department or Bochon The Tang name is Chinese surname + Chinese name, and the name of the fiefdom + name multiplication. Such as Xiang Xiangxian And the name of the feather is according to the division of the show, which is the name of the feather between the fiefdom, according to the division for its rank, the show for its name. The name of Ryukyu is A surname of Han nationality + "Shi" + name, usually only used in Ryukyu native documents and domestic occasions, such as the "Shi" Shipu Nakayama A handful of Xiang Youheng (Yi Wan pro-Fang Chobo) is called "Xiang's Chobo". The Ryukyu literarians from Fujian, China ( Fujian people thirty-six surname , genealogical genus Kume Village Its Tang name is also a Chinese surname + Chinese name, but it is different from the name, the name of the fiefdom + word. For example, CAI Wen And the name of Gu Zhitou pro-Fang Wenruo, wherein Gu Zhitou is the name of the feudal land with Zhitou inter-cut, the pro-fang is the official rank, Wen Ruo is the character of CAI Wen, and the name of Ryukyu is the Han family name + "Shi" character + official rank + character. Women may not have Tang names (except for existing historical materials CAI Hongheng There is no record of the Tang name of Ryukyu women), there is no name, only children's names, and some women have No. The literati women are mostly recorded as Han family name + "Shi" word + child name or Han family name + "Shi" word + number. Ryukyu people of common origin, both male and female, had only child names before the Ryukyu punishment.

The year 1879 Punishment of Ryukyu After that, stay Okinawa The Tang names of the Ryukyu literati within the territory no longer have legal status, and only a small part of the Ryukyu people still use the Tang name, and the household names are Japanese names, based on the ancestral fiefdoms Miao character , Shuli Naha Department or Bochon Men of the Ryukyu family are mostly named by the name of the Maishi, while women, Kume Village, and a small number of Shurina-Naha or Moomura Ryukyu family names are named in Japanese. A surname The people of Ryukyu were the last Kings of Ryukyu Chanter Among the descendants, the male still uses the Tang household name, and the female uses the Japanese household name, such as Shang Zhenzi, "Zhenzi" is the Japanese name. The descendants of the Ryukyu people in exile in China at that time abandoned the name and used only the Tang name. Those who did not have Tang, Han, or Minayana names completely switched to Japanese names.

Influenced by Japanese culture, the Ryukyu people also worship some Shinto gods. According to... Shipu Nakayama According to records, in 1451, the first Shang dynasty Shang Jinfu King command Act as regent Be in one's heart Naha the Wakasa Established the first in the history of Ryukyu shrine . It has since been built again Ryukyu Yasha , worship Hachiman god, Amaterasu Kumano right now.

Religious belief

broadcast

EDITOR

Ryukyu Shinto

The inherent religious beliefs of the Ryukyu people are Ryukyu Shinto To the dragon palace belief, Demi Faith, Amatake Faith, Ancestral worship Equality is the core. Ryukyu people believe that there is a dragon palace on the other side of the sea, and whenever a person dies, his soul will cross to the Dragon Palace to bless his living relatives with peace and prosperity and good crops. Therefore, like the Chinese, the Ryukyu people also have great respect for their dead relatives, set up memorial tablets to worship and offer sacrifices regularly. The Ryukyu people believe that women are inspired by gods and ghosts, so they have great respect for sister gods. Regular worship of gods, witchcraft and other things can only be performed by women, these women are called hostess Or a folk psychic.

The ancient Ryukyu country in the capital city of Shuli city has Wen Dajun royal hall, Shuli Temple, Zhenbi temple, the temple of the four senior women, called one society three end society; Under it is the thirty-three king of the senior goddess, and then under it is the temple of the goddess in various places. The royal palace controlled the national religion by appointing high priestesses.

Ryukyu people also have great respect for some mountains, springs and forests in nature Amatake Faith. The belief of the Ryukyu people in the imperial mountain is the same as that of the Chinese people godhead Have similar beliefs.

Taoism

The Ryukyu people also Revere Taoism. As for when the Ryukyu people began to believe in Taoism, there is no relevant record in historical records. According to the Zhongshan Messenger Record According to records, although there were no Taoist priests in ancient Ryukyu, there were also folk cooking stoves, ancestor sacrifices, Visit a grave The custom. Envoys of the Qing Dynasty Zhang Xueli It is claimed that there exists in the Ryukyu Kingdom Hall of the Three Purities It confirmed the existence of Taoism in the ancient Ryukyu country. Along the southeast coast of China Goddess Matsu The gods, such as Nagong, were also revered by the Ryukyu people.

Buddhism

Buddhism has a long history of spreading in Ryukyu. According to... Shipu Nakayama According to records, during the reign of King Yingzu of Ryukyu, Chan Kam came to Ryukyu and arrived in Ryukyu Urasoe West establishment Bliss Temple . This is regarded as the beginning of Buddhism in Ryukyu. thereafter Observe and measure During the reign of King, the Japanese monk Lai Heavy built on the mountain Huguo Temple . Akushin also came from Japan and founded the temple in 1492.

During the Second Shang Dynasty, Buddhism reached its peak in Ryukyu, and the Buddhist temples, Tennoji The Temple of Heaven is also known as the "three great Temples of Ryukyu". In addition, Naha the Chongyuan Temple It was also famous at the time. According to the "Zhongshan Chuanxin Record", the Buddhism of the Ryukyu people is divided into Linzon and Shingon School Two kinds. Today, Buddhism is still one of the main beliefs of the Ryukyu people.

Christianity

In 1622, Christianity Preacher Taking the "South Man ship" to Yaeyama missionary, is the beginning of the Christian missionary for the Ryukyu Islands. But at the time Japan The Edo shogunate Forbid the spread of Christianity in Satsuma Han Under pressure as a client state, Ryukyu had to start banning religion. It was not until 1846 that Ryukyu, under the force of the British Navy, agreed to the missionary work of Byrd's Order. Byrd Reining Ryukyu language Translated the book Bible Christianity was able to spread among the Ryukyus.

Identify with Japan

broadcast

EDITOR

Because in the history of the Ryukyu people have established their own independent kingdom Ryukyu Kingdom Some Ryukyu people do not recognize Japan's rule over Ryukyu and demand independence from Japan.

In 2005, University of the Ryukyu Associate professor Lin Quanzhong In a telephone survey of Okinawans over the age of 18 (Ryukyu), he collected 1,029 valid responses, of which 40.6% identified themselves as Okinawan (Ryukyu) rather than Japanese. 24.9 percent said they supported Okinawan independence, while 58.7 percent said they opposed it. In 2007, the same series of surveys interviewed more than 1,000 locals, and 41.6% of respondents identified themselves as Okinawan, 25.5% as Japanese, and 29.7% as both Okinawan and Japanese. 20.6 percent said Okinawa should be independent, while 64.7 percent said it should not be independent.

The largest political party in the Ryukyu Islands that supports Ryukyu independence is The Garigee Club (Former Ryukyu Independent Party), founded by Noda Takehiko and headed by Yala Assuke. The party's ultimate goal was to establish a "Republic of Ryukyu". Some of the Ryukyu exiles in Taiwan also support Ryukyu independence, the people in Tairyukyu CAI Zhang In 1941, he founded the Ryukyu Revolutionary Association, an organization that supported Ryukyu independence.

除了“琉球共和国”外，亦有琉球人主张以中国大陆的 One country, two systems As a model, the "Okinawa Special Autonomous Province" was established, with the "Chairman of Okinawa Province" as the head of state.