The Teutonic Knights ( Latin Ordo Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum; German: Deutscher Orden, also translated The German Order , Official name for Order of Our Lady of the German Brethren in Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum Ierosolimitanorum; German: Orden der Bruder vom Deutschen Haus Sankt Mariens in Jerusalem), yes Holy Roman Empire Middle Ages period Catholicism Military organization, famous The three Orders of Knights One of them. The early members were all German The Knights yield Poland post-acceptance Polish .

Chinese name: The Teutonic Knights
Foreign name: Ordo domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum Ierosolimitanorum
Headquarters location: Akka , Venice , Marburg , Konigsberg Etc.
Time of existence: 1190 to date

Port number: Helfen, Wehren, Heilen (help, guard, heal)
Object of allegiance: Pope of Rome , Holy Roman Emperor
beacon: Black cross on white, yellow cross on white
nation-building: The Kingdom of the Teutonic Order

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6Successively served as General director

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EDITOR

On March 5, 1198, the Teutonic Order was founded in what is now Acre Israel It was then based in Acre until 1291.

The Teutonic Order was founded in 1224 after the conquest of Prussia and the Old Prussians The Kingdom of the Teutonic Order .

1512, from Brandenburg The Hohenzollern family the Albrecht Was chosen as a Teutonic knighthood Grand Master. He's a close relative of the Elector of Brandenburg. Under the influence of Martin Luther, in 1525 he declared his conversion to Lutheranism, thus severing his ties with the titular Master of the Order Holy See The connection, announced The Kingdom of the Teutonic Order Secularized, the Order's territory changed to Duchy of Prussia Albrecht took charge Dukes of Prussia But the Teutonic Order as an organization still exists.

In 1809, Napoleon Disbanded as Military organization Of the Teutonic Order.

In 1929, the Pope Pius XI Decreed that the Teutonic Order became a purely religious order of friars to assist with the public nature existing into contemporary times.

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Spring up

The Teutonic Order had its heyday in Pskov in 1240 (2 photos)

The First Crusade (1096-1099) was the only successful Eastern expedition, with about 100,000 participants.

Jack The Crusades The army was divided into four groups, and in 1097 it would converge at Constantinople and then cross the sea Asia Minor He captured the Turkish capital Nikiah and other cities, plundered them, and captured Jerusalem on July 15, 1099. Battle of Jerusalem After entering the city, he killed 7,000 people, and then, following the model of European countries, in Mediterranean Several feudal states were established in the coastal areas. The crusaders levied excessive taxes, prompting the people to constantly rise up and the regime to be unstable. ^[1]

The Second Crusade (1147-1149), was in King of France Louis VII And" Holy Roman Empire "The Emperor, Germany King Conrad III Led by. The conquest of Edessa by the Turks in 1144 was the cause of this expedition. The German crusaders were dispatched earlier in Anatolia Defeated by the Turks. The French Crusaders captured Damascus The expedition failed to achieve any purpose. ^[1]

The Third Crusade During the period (1189-1192), knights from the German region were given land and castles on several occasions. In April 1195, he was given by Count Henri of Champagne Till (Tyre, today Lebanon In March 1196, he was given a fief at Jaffa (near present-day Tel Aviv). Another Kaiser Henry VI Presented in 1197 to churches in Italy and Sicily, cloister And hospitals, and gradually became a force in the Jerusalem area.

On March 5, 1198, the Teutonic Order was founded in what is now Acre Palestine It was then based in Acre until 1291.

September 19, 1199, Pope Innocent the Third Give orders, make rules Teutonic knight The beatles Templar The same cloak (a white cloak with a Red Cross and sword embroidered on it), wearing a black cross and carrying out the same order rules as the Hospitallers.

The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) by the Pope Innocent the Third Start. The aim was to capture Muslim-controlled Egypt as a base for future operations. The Crusaders, composed mainly of French and Italian nobles, did not have enough money to pay the Venetians to cross the sea to Egypt, and on the advice of the Venetian nobles, the Crusaders attacked the city of Zara Croatia the Zadar ). And take advantage of Byzantium Domestic disputes turned to the attack on Constantinople, which was bloody for three days after looting and destruction. ^[1]

After the Great War, Venice was occupied The Byzantine Empire Three-eighths of the territory (incl Aegean Sea , The Adriatic Sea Along the coast many ports and Crete ). The Crusades were founded from Constantinople Latin Empire And the two vassal states of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, respectively Duchy of Athens and The Duchy of Achaia . ^[1]

In the early 13th century, with the Knights Hospitaller and The Knights Templar The antagonism intensified, with the Hospitalists courting the Teutonic Order against the Templars, who controlled the main military positions in the Jerusalem area, and the Teutonic Order gaining Magat Castle from the Hospitalists.

The Third Crusade

In 1210, Hermann von Salza Hermann von Salza (1179-1239) served as master of the Teutonic Order, which achieved certain victories in the Jerusalem area under his command, and participated The Fifth Crusade Entered Egypt, but ended up in Manzura In the Battle of al-Mansura (30 August 1221), Elman von Salza was defeated and captured along with the master of the Templar Order. Under the leadership of Ermann von Salza, the Teutonic Order received a certificate of atonement from the Holy See (18 February 1216) and 113 privileges granted by Pope Honorius III (9 January 1221).

In 1226, the Teutonic Knights fought Holy Roman Empire Emperor Friedrich II reached an agreement to obtain Prussia All aristocratic privileges within the territory.

In 1234, the Teutonic Knights won the Battle of Segnar, and the Holy See took control of all of Prussia and leased it to the Teutonic Knights, but it was not until 1285 that the Teutonic Knights finally conquered Prussia and forced the Prussians to convert to Catholicism. In the meantime, in April 1237, Livonia merged The Knights of the Sword They began their march in early 1241 Duchy of Novgorod .

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The Teutonic Knights

But times change rapidly, and history soon presents them with new opportunities.

1211, King of Hungary Andre II Andreas II invited the Knights to help suppress the Kumanen in exchange for the removal of the Siebenburgen region Romania Burzenland in the south was given to the Knights as a fief. (A lot of people later thought Andre II Did a stupid thing, let the wolves in, brought the knights Eastern Europe . I think so!)

In 1225, as the Teutonic Knights attempted to establish an independent state on their fiefdom, Andre II Set them deportation .

Once again, the Order was in trouble. But things soon took a turn for the better when Poland Konrad von Masowien attempted to expand to the north into the Kulmerland region, but was defeated by the native Prussians, who not only failed to expand his territory, but part of his original territory was taken by the Prussians. Conrad was so upset that he called for a crusade against the pagans in Kulmerland in the name of religion, but the other Polish princes ignored him and seemed to be waiting for a joke. The Prussians there were very fierce, and his army was losing ground. Cornered, Conrad appealed to the Teutonic Order to help him conquer the Prussians.

if Andre II Asking the Order to help him crush the Kumanrae was a mistake made in ignorance, and Conrad asking the Order to help him conquer the Prussians can only be described as foolish. Of course, the other Polish princes were also involved, and if they had helped Conrad sooner, he would not have had to bring in the wolves, and in the end it all happened Victim .

After receiving this invitation, the Teutonic Knights of course said yes, but they did not want to repeat it Hungary The story of... Hermann von Salza, Grand master of the Order, ran first Holy Roman Empire Emperor Frederick II There, a golden bull was obtained from the emperor: the Teutonic Order possessory The land Conrad had given them and the land they had acquired after conquering the Prussians, an attack on the Knights' territory would be severely punished by the Holy Roman Empire. With a written guarantee from Fitley II, the Teutonic Knights would legitimately claim the lands they had conquered.

Conrad began to regret this, and in order to prevent the Teutonic Order from taking root next to him, Conrad organized an order, the Christian Order of Prussia, and carried out his own crusade against the Prussians. This time he failed again, unable to hold even the core of his territory, and Conrad bowed his head in defeat.

In 1230, he signed a treaty with the Teutonic Order promising that if the Teutonic Knights conquered Kulmerland, he would give it to the Order in perpetuity. This meant that the Teutonic Knights had ownership of Kulmerland, not a fiefdom - the ownership of which remained with the monarch.

In 1234, Pope Gregor IX issued the Golden Bull, which recognized the Knights' ownership of the lands they had conquered, while requiring them to surrender the land aborigines Christianization. So the Teutonic Knights had triple written promises, and all they had left to do was conquer the land, which was clearly what they were best at.

Beginning in 1226, the Teutonic Knights began their work to conquer Prussia. After more than 50 years of bloodshed, and suppression Hercus Montt It was initiated by others Prussian uprising By 1285, the Teutonic Knights had finally completed their conquest. On this land they established a powerful state, the Knights State, of which Prussia was the center.

In 1237, passed with Livonian The Knights of the Sword After the merger, Livonia became another wing of the Order, and like Prussia, the Order built a series of castles in Livonia fortification . Although the Teutonic Order focused its efforts on the colonization of the East, it did Asia Minor Its activities have not ceased and its headquarters have been in Arco.

After the fall of Acre in 1291, the Teutonic Knights did not follow The Knights Templar To Cyprus with the Knights Hospitaller, but to Venice.

In 1309, the Order's Venetian headquarters were moved to Marimburg in Prussia, and they became a fully independent state.

decline

On July 15, 1410, the famous Battle of Greenwald Eruption. Poland - Republic of Lithuania 39,000 coalition troops Kings of Poland Under the command of Vladislav Jagiello, he fought a decisive battle with a Teutonic force of about 27,000 near Tanrenborg and Greenwald. The Teutonic knights lost all their best men in the battle, 8,000 knights were killed, 2,000 were captured, and most of their leaders, including Grand Master von Junkingen, were killed. The Teutonic Knights were devastated, and Poland gradually regained the lost territory and gained Gdansk isotown Baltic Sea Outlet to the sea. ^[2]

General Commander Ulrich von Rongkingen, killed at the Battle of Tanenberg

The Battle of Tanrenborg, which dealt a devastating blow to the Order, was something like Battle of Hardin towards Kingdom of Jerusalem The meaning of. The Kingdom of the Knights began its decline.

After the defeat in the foreign war, the Kingdom of the Order fell into internal strife from top to bottom. The peasants were dissatisfied with the extortion of the Knights and rebelled against them. Power struggles within the order intensified; The cities and local nobles, because of their high taxes, demanded Participation in decision making .

In 1440, 53 nobles and 19 cities founded a rebellion against the arbitrary rule of the Knights in Marimburg Prussian union .

In 1453, the Prussian League formed an alliance with Poland, which led to 13 consecutive years of war until it was signed in 1466 The Second Peace of Torun Just finished ( Thirteen Years' War ). The peace resulted in the loss of a large amount of territory to the Knights, including Marimburg. Politically, the state of the Order was to acknowledge its submission to Poland, which caused great controversy within the Order.

The German regiment wants to go from Holy Roman Empire And the Papacy gained support there, and in 1494, the head of the German Division admitted to submission Holy Roman Empire Emperor Maximilian the First (Maximilians I.).

Under the external troubles and internal worries, the Knights of the country had come to the end of the mountain. Luther The Reformation brought the Order into history once again watershed .

In 1511, Albrecht, a 21-year-old from the Hohenzollern family, was elected the 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, also as a military man Religious order The last grand master of the Teutonic Order.

In 1520, Albrecht's refusal to submit to Poland led to a war between the Order States and Poland, and the Order States were defeated. Depressed, Albrecht returned to Germany. At that time, Germany was undergoing a vigorous religious reform, and Albrecht was soon attracted to Lutheran Protestantism, and met the initiator of the Reformation, Martin Luther.

Archduke Eugen of Austria, the last general commander of the military order

At Luther's suggestion, Albrecht resigned as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, secularized the Order state into a duchy, reformed the religion within the duchy, and refused to accept Polish ministers abroad Genus relation . Conservative forces within the Order, as well as the German Catholic aristocracy, were unhappy with Albrecht's conversion, but Albrecht had married the daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark, the northern power, in 1527, and the opposition could do nothing about him.

Albrecht The conversion of Albrecht brought the history of the Teutonic Order as a military order to an end. Prussia, formerly part of the Knights, had been newly civilised by Albrecht, and Livonia had been Poland Occupy, Estonia be Sweden Annexation. The Knights no longer have a territory of their own.

In this situation, the Teutonic Order largely abandoned military tasks and focused on managing its own estate, which thereafter served only as a single order Religious organization And exist.

In 1809, Napoleon After the invasion of Germany, the act was declared dissolved Military organization The Teutonic Knights, the Knights only in Austria There's room for you.

By 1834, Emperors of Austria Re-established the Order and made it a religious charity.

The current General director is Dr. Bruno Platter

In 1929, the Teutonic Order was reorganized into a purely religious order, and its name was changed from OT (Ordo Teutonicus) to DO (Deutscher Orden).

Today the German Order has about 1,000 members, who are mainly engaged in charity Including caring for the sick and the elderly. The contemporary order is divided into Italian, German, Austrian, Czech Republic , Slovenia The five districts are administered and their headquarters are located in Austria Vienna .

At the beginning of the order, the Pope authorized them to wear amandas The Knights Templar The same white robe, but with a black cross embroidered on it, as a distinction between the two. Since then, the black cross on a white background has become the symbol of the Teutonic Order. The cross on the flag of the Teutonic Knights is different from the normal cross in that it is tilted to the left rather than to the left.

If you pay attention Nordic The flag of the country will find that Sweden, Denmark , Finland , Norway, Iceland It's on all the flags of other countries deviation The cross on the left, this cross is called Scandinavia cross .

The Kingdom of the Teutonic Order Despite its demise, the Black Cross symbol of the Order was inherited and continued, in Second Empire , Weimar Republic As well as on the military flag of the Third Reich, the Black Cross was an important symbol, representing a succession of military traditions beginning with the Teutonic Knights.

catchword

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EDITOR

The slogan of the Teutonic Order was "Helfen, Heilen, Wehren" (Help, heal, guard).

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EDITOR

The expansion of the Teutonic Order in the East was not without difficulties, and in 1242 they were defeated by the Russian forces at the Battle of the Frozen Lakes. The battle is also known as Chudvatn The Battle of Peipussee ^[3] The number of troops invested by both sides is not clearly recorded in the history books, and the general estimate of the contemporary is that there were about 10,000 people on the side of the Knights, to the Teutonic Knights Heavy cavalry As the core. The Russian side had 15,000 to 17,000 men, mostly infantry, under the command of the Duke of Novgrod Alexander DangerCode; Jaros Travis.

The Russian troops formed a wall formation (a kind of phalanx, I suppose) and held the eastern shore of the glacial lake. The Knights began their attack in a wedge formation, or more specifically Heavy cavalry Assault for the vanguard, followed by infantry, flanks and rear by Light cavalry Protection. This wedge formation is a commonly used tactic of the Knights, and its advantage is that it has a strong assault ability and can quickly tear open the opposing defense line if the defenders Military accomplishment If it is not high, it is easy to cause the effect of tearing a little on the whole line of defeat. However, it also has its own shortcomings, its two wings of defense power is limited, if not quickly open the line of defense, the two wings will slowly erode.

Alexander was well aware of the characteristics of this tactic, so it took the chief of the allied forces Light infantry He placed himself in the middle, in a thickened phalanx, wearing down the Order's heavy cavalry and placing his own elite Novgrod infantry on his flanks. The Knights' attack was initially moderately successful, but the heavy Russian phalanx made it difficult for them to break the line completely.

Geographical disadvantage was perhaps the greatest problem for the Order, as the sloping and icy shores of the lake made it difficult for the Order's heavy cavalry to use their impact effectively, so the attack gradually stalled. The weak wings of the wedge-shaped formation then began to reveal their shortcomings, slowly compressing from the sides to the center under the pressure of Novgrod's elite infantry. The Knights began to be surrounded by allied forces. As a final blow, Alexander sent his best guards behind the right flank to attack the order. The encirclement of the Allied forces became smaller and smaller, and the Knights' heavy cavalry had strong individuals Combat capability However, due to the decreasing space for display, their combat effectiveness can not be played and can only be supported.

The Confederate infantry spearheaded the knight from his horse. As the ice could not bear the weight, many cavalry in heavy armor fell in Ice hole I couldn't climb back up. Only a few knights escaped from the encirclement of the Russian forces and fled to the West; most were killed, including about 500 knights, and more than 50 nobles were captured, including the Grand Master of the Order. On the Russian side, 3,500 men were said to have been killed and about the same number wounded. The devastating defeat in the Battle of the Ice Lake devastated the Teutonic Knights and halted their further expansion to the east.

South of the Order country Poland Originally divided, no match for the Order. But by the first half of the 14th century, Poland was under King Wladyslaw the First Once again united under the leadership of Wladislaw I, relations with the Order became strained.

The conquest of Danzig and Pommerellen by the Knights in 1308 led to a sharp deterioration in relations between the two countries, even after Poland recognized the Knights in the Peace of Karisch in 1343 Eastern Pomerania The occupation of Pommerellen, and the enmity between the two sides remained undiminished. Poland's hatred of the Knights was an important potential threat to the Knights.

Nevertheless, the Knights reached their greatest strength in the second half of the 14th century under Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode (1351-1382), whom they defeated in 1370 Republic of Lithuania - The Order's main enemy in the East.

In the face of strong pressure from the Knights, Lithuania and Poland gradually came together. In 1386, at the age of 38, Grand Marquis of Lithuania Jagaivo Jagiello and the 13-year-old Queen of Poland Jadwiga (Hedwig) married. After the marriage, the Grand Marquis of Lithuania was crowned King of Poland, and Lithuania and Poland were united United front And fight the Knights together.

In 1410, a major battle between the Knights and the Polish-Lithuanian Alliance took place near Tanenberg. Battle of Greenwald The battle was the largest knightly battle in medieval European history. There are different accounts of the strength of the two sides, but one thing is certain: the Order was smaller than the allied forces. The force on the Knights' side was probably between 11,000 and 27,000 men, commanded by the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Ulrich von Jungingen. The Polish-Lithuanian force was probably between 16,000 and 32,000 men, mainly Poles and Lithuanians, but also Russians and Tatars, and was commanded by the Polish king Jagaivo (Jagiello) and Republic of Lithuania The Grand Marquis Witold, who was Jagiello's cousin.

Jagaivo Jagiello divided the army into three lines, with the first line stretching three kilometers. Witold commanded a combined force of Lithuanians, Russians, and Tatars on the right wing. The Order's army was also initially divided into three lines, but when Grand Commander Jung Chingen saw the long lines of the Allied forces and realized that they might be surrounded, it was divided into two lines (from this we can basically deduce that the ratio of the Knights to the Allied forces was about 2:3). Both sides split up the cavalry Flag train (a fighting unit in a medieval army of about 400 to 600 men) placed in the front line, while the infantry remained in the camp. The Knights also have stone bombs on the front line mortar .

At noon on July 15, 1410, The Battle of Tanenberg Here. Before the battle, the Grand Master of the Order, Rongjingen, sent two swords to the Polish king Jagiello, indicating that there would be a contest between knights.

The Order's artillery fired first at the allied forces, but with little success, for it rained and the powder was wet. Lithuanians and Tatars on the right flank of the Allied forces attacked the Knights under Witold's command, but the Knights quickly repelled their advance and counterattacked. The Allied Tatars were the first to flee, and the Union right wing was soon unable to hold the line. At this point, the Allied forces faced a very unfavorable situation: the German flag guards of the Order broke through the Allied right flank and attacked the Allied Polish main force in the center, and the other flag guards of the Order also charged from the front. Both sides share in Second line The troops of the third line went into battle, because everyone knew that success or failure was at stake. The balance of victory and defeat is final Back to On the allied side, the reason was nothing more than an accident on the battlefield: the grand commander of the Order, Rong Jingen, was killed in battle. After the loss of their supreme commander, the Order began to descend into chaos, with many knights fleeing the battlefield in a hurry. The Allied forces seized this opportunity to launch a charge and routed the Knights' army.

Headquarters transition

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EDITOR

The symbol of the Teutonic Order

Akka (1192-1291)

Republic of Venice (1291-1309),

Marlborough Castle (1309-1466)

Konigsberg Castle (1466-1525)

Baden-Wurttemberg (1525-1809),

Vienna (1809 - present)

Successively served as General director

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EDITOR

The TEUTONIC KNIGHTS

The field hospital was HOSPITALLAR BROTHERHOOD

Acre (Akko) Era 1189/90-1230

Sibrand 1189/90-1192

Gerard 1192-1193/4

Heinrich Heinrich 1193/4-1195

Ulrich 1195-1196

Heinrich (Walpot von Bassenheim?) 1196-1198.

knighthood Successive GRAND MASTERS of the TEUTONIC KNIGHTS

Heinrich I Walpot von Bassenheim 1198-1200

Otto von Kerpen 1200-1206

Heinrich II von Tenner Heinrich II von Tunna, called Barth 1206-1209

Hermann von Salza 1209/10-1239

Montfort Era 1230-1271

Thuringia Konrad I of Thuringia 1239-1240

Gerhard von Malberg 1241-1244

Heinrich III von Hohenlohe 1244-1249

Gunther von Schwarzenburg 1249-1253

Poppo von Osterna 1253-1257

Hanno von Sangershausen 1257-1274

The Acre (Akko) Era 1271-1291

Hartmann von Helbrungen 1274-1283

Burkhard von Schwanden 1283-1290

Venice Era 1291-1309

Konrad II von Feuchtwangen 1290-1297

Gottfried von Hohenlohe 1297-1302 d.1309

Siegfried von Feuchtwangen 1302-1310 d.1311

Marienburg (Prussia) Era 1309-1457

Karl Bessart 1311-1324

Werner Von Orselen 1324-1330

Lothar of Brunswick 1331-1335

Dietrich von Altenburg 1335-1341

Ludolf Konig Von Wattzau 1342-1345

Heinrich IV Dusener von Arfberg 1345-1351

Winrich von Kniprode 1351-1382

Konrad III Zollner von Rothstein 1382-1390

Konrad IV von Wallenrode 1391-1393

Konrad V von Juningen 1393-1407

Ulrich von Jungingen (died in battle) 1407-1410

Heinrich V von Reuss 1410-1413 d.1429

Michel Kuchenmeister von Sternburg 1414-1422

Paul Belenzer von Ruszdorf 1423-1440

Konrad VI von Erlichshausen 1441-1449

Ludwig von Erlichshausen 1450-1467

Konigsberg (East Prussia) Era 1457-1525

Konigsberg (now Russia the Kaliningrad )

Heinrich VI von Reuss 1467-1470

Heinrich VII Reffle von Richtenberg 1470-1477

Martin Truchsetz von Wetzhausen 1477-1489

Johann von Tieffen 1489-1497

Friedrich of Saxony 1497-1510

Albert Albrecht of Brandenburg-Kulmbach 1510-1525 d.1568

Vacancy period vacant 1525—1527
The Mergentheim Era 1527-1809

Melgenheim (a city in Maintaur, Baden-Wurttemburg, Germany, in the Tauber Valley)

Walter von Cronberg 1527-1543

Wolfgang Schutzbar 1543-1566

Georg Hundt von Weckheim 1566-1572

Heinrich VIII von Bobenhausen 1572-1590 d.1595

Maximilian of Maximilian Austria 1590-1618.

Karl I of Austria 1619-1624

Johann Eustach von Westernach 1625-1627

Johann Kaspar I von Stadion 1627-1641

Leopold Wilhelm of Austria 1641-1662

Karl Josef of Austria 1662-1664

Johann Kaspar II von Ampringen 1664-1684

Luther Ludwig Anton of Palatinate-Neuburg 1685-1694

Ludwig Franz of Palatinate-Neuburg 1694-1732

Clemens August of Bavaria (Abp.-Elect.Cologne) 1732-1761

Charles Alexander of Lorraine 1761-1780

Maximilian Franz of Austria 1780-1801

Karl II of Austria 1801-1804

Anton Viktor of Austria 1804-1835

It was dissolved in 1809 and rebuilt in 1834, but only as a charitable hospital

Maximilian of Austria-Este 1835-1863

Wilhelm Franz Karl of Austria 1863-1894

Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard of Austria 1894-1923 d.1954

The clergy led the PRIESTLY ORDER

Dr. Norbert Klein 1923-1933

Paul Heider 1933-1936

Robert Schalzky 1936-1948

Dr. Marian Tumler 1948-1970

Ildefons Pauler 1970-1988

Dr. Arnold Othmar Wieland 1988-2000

Bruno Platter 2000-

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