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Counter-Reformation
Roman Catholic reformation
The Roman Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation, was a movement in the 16th and 17th centuries,
Catholicism
Will fight against
reformation
Sum of motion
Protestantism
And the reform movement. Its main purpose was to cope with the new situation that emerged after the Reformation and consolidate the position of the Church of Rome in Europe, so it was also called the "opposing Reformation".
[1]
In 1618,
Holy Roman Empire
The emperor, the fervent Catholic
Ferdinand II
Arrests within the Empire
Protestantism
Lead to
Czech Republic
A surname
guildhall
The senator threw it out the window, causing
Thirty Years' War
The conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism was on full display. In 1648, the Protestant League triumphed and signed the treaty
The Peace of Westphalia
It marked the end of the Catholic Reform movement.
- Chinese name
- Counter-Reformation
- Foreign name
- Counter Reformation [1]
- Place of occurrence
- Europe
Many historians believe that the use of the term Catholic Reformation better reflects the essence of the "anti-Protestant Reformation." In the 15th century, Christian humanists, such as D. Erasmus, advocated reform, but they stood on the side of the Catholic tradition and opposed division and violence. Religious life in the Middle Ages developed due to the popularity of mysticism, which revived the order and played an important role in the Catholic Reformation.
After the unification of the Kingdom of Spain in the second half of the 15th century, it became one of the most powerful Catholic countries in Europe. On the one hand, it purged the remnants of Islam and Judaism and established
Inquisition
To suppress people of different faiths; On the one hand, reform was carried out to eliminate the drawbacks of the church and improve the knowledge and moral quality of clergy. In 1519, Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, presented himself as a patron of the Catholic Church and vigorously resisted the Reformation.
There was also movement towards reform in the Italian Catholic Church, but not in a drastic way, as in the case of the Church of Holy Love at Genoa in 1497, which was aimed at reform. In 1517, Rome also founded the Order of Holy Love, whose members included the future Pope Paul IV
Garafa
.
The revival of the Order had a particularly important place in the Catholic Reformation. In the 16th century, the old orders were reorganized and new orders were created that emphasized religious life and social service. For example, the Barnabas Society, founded in Italy in 1533, soon spread to France and Bohemia. 1535 also saw the emergence of the Order of Sant 'Angelo and the Ursuline. The biggest impact was on the Spaniards
Ignatius Loyola
It was founded in Paris in 1534
Society of Jesus
. Approved by King Paul III in 1540, the society grew rapidly in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Austria, Poland and other countries. Due to the strict selection and training of Jesuits and their high standard, most of the subsequent leaders of the Catholic Church were Jesuits. Valued by the upper ruling class, they were able to influence the secular authorities, forming a political force that effectively contained them
Protestantism
The reform movement.
After a series of Catholic councils in the 15th century, calls for reform in the Church grew louder. Pope Paul III, faced with a serious situation, set out to reform the curia in order to restore the papacy's prestige. He appointed Garafa and others who advocated reform as cardinals and charged them with proposing a plan for reform. Although this plan was not implemented at the time, it was
Council of Trento
Adopted.
In 1542, it was reorganized by Paul III
Inquisition
The beginnings of the Reformation in Italy were extinguished. During the Reformation, the Inquisition became an important tool for the Catholic Church to fight and suppress Protestantism and other heretical sects.
In 1545, Paul III called the Council of Trento. Due to the effects of the war between France and Spain, the conference went on and off for 18 years. When it resumed in 1551, the Protestant princes were invited to attend, but soon withdrew and adjourned the following year. It was reconvened in 1561 by Pope Pius IV, and the central issue was to oppose the Reformation and reform the Catholic Church internally.
In 1564, the Creed of the Council of Trento was adopted, which affirmed the authority of the Pope to determine religious affairs, reaffirmed the basic teachings of the Catholic Church and the sacrament system, and condemned the Protestant theological view of justification by faith and different claims to the sacraments. It also made provisions for the rectification of the Catholic Church, such as bishops must preach, priests must be familiar with the Bible, the moral life of priests must be monitored, and seminaries should be opened to train clergy. It is considered one of the most important Catholic texts.
In conjunction with the feudal forces, especially relying on the economic and military power of Spain, the Holy See launched the counter-Reformation movement, used the Inquisition to intensify the suppression of Protestants and other heretics, and strengthened the ideological and cultural control, so that the position of the Catholic Church in France, Belgium, and most of southern and Eastern Europe was re-consolidated. Within the Catholic Church, doctrinal disputes ended, the papacy increased in power, and the Pope continued to occupy a certain position in European affairs. Due to the competing outward expansion of the religious order, the Catholic power reached the Americas, Asia, Africa and other regions.
